1
00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:19,750
curiosity

2
00:10:19,760 --> 00:10:43,509
good shots

3
00:10:49,509 --> 00:10:46,550
i'm dan the police

4
00:10:52,150 --> 00:10:49,519
i'm jake gales chief scientist on behalf

5
00:10:54,310 --> 00:10:52,160
of jpl's leadership team i'd like to

6
00:10:57,350 --> 00:10:54,320
welcome you to our celebration of

7
00:11:00,710 --> 00:10:57,360
curiosity one year on mars

8
00:11:03,269 --> 00:11:00,720
one year ago today believe it or not

9
00:11:06,069 --> 00:11:03,279
began one of the most daring adventures

10
00:11:07,750 --> 00:11:06,079
yet in planetary exploration certainly

11
00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:07,760
the most daring

12
00:11:12,949 --> 00:11:10,800
of our exploration steps for mars

13
00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:12,959
the thrill of the curiosity rover and

14
00:11:17,110 --> 00:11:15,360
its science payload hurtling toward the

15
00:11:19,910 --> 00:11:17,120
planet to a

16
00:11:21,430 --> 00:11:19,920
soft touchdown on six wheels remains

17
00:11:23,910 --> 00:11:21,440
with us today

18
00:11:26,550 --> 00:11:23,920
and we're reminded just what an

19
00:11:29,750 --> 00:11:26,560
incredible science and

20
00:11:31,750 --> 00:11:29,760
engineering feat this is

21
00:11:32,550 --> 00:11:31,760
i'm impressed by

22
00:11:34,470 --> 00:11:32,560
the

23
00:11:36,389 --> 00:11:34,480
work that's been done since those

24
00:11:38,870 --> 00:11:36,399
initial moments on the surface with

25
00:11:41,350 --> 00:11:38,880
everything worked perfectly

26
00:11:44,389 --> 00:11:41,360
i'm impressed by the work that's been

27
00:11:46,630 --> 00:11:44,399
done in the first year of exploration

28
00:11:48,230 --> 00:11:46,640
and the rover's performance has just

29
00:11:51,670 --> 00:11:48,240
been i think

30
00:11:55,110 --> 00:11:51,680
in excess of what the most optimistic of

31
00:11:57,269 --> 00:11:55,120
us had imagined it might be

32
00:11:59,509 --> 00:11:57,279
while learning to operate the amazing

33
00:12:01,350 --> 00:11:59,519
machine that the rover and science

34
00:12:02,310 --> 00:12:01,360
payload are

35
00:12:04,870 --> 00:12:02,320
the

36
00:12:07,269 --> 00:12:04,880
engineers and scientists have forged a

37
00:12:08,870 --> 00:12:07,279
partnership that includes the rover

38
00:12:10,790 --> 00:12:08,880
itself

39
00:12:12,310 --> 00:12:10,800
they've been testing and they've been

40
00:12:15,910 --> 00:12:12,320
utilizing

41
00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:15,920
thousands of rover and payload functions

42
00:12:22,150 --> 00:12:17,760
and what we have today is an

43
00:12:24,870 --> 00:12:22,160
astonishingly powerful tool for science

44
00:12:27,990 --> 00:12:24,880
we've been observing we've been

45
00:12:30,069 --> 00:12:28,000
measuring we've been sampling

46
00:12:32,949 --> 00:12:30,079
and in the background

47
00:12:34,790 --> 00:12:32,959
throughout laboratories across the globe

48
00:12:36,230 --> 00:12:34,800
there have been scientists working to

49
00:12:39,509 --> 00:12:36,240
help interpret the measurements that

50
00:12:44,150 --> 00:12:41,990
i think it's important to recognize that

51
00:12:46,310 --> 00:12:44,160
the questions that we ask address some

52
00:12:49,110 --> 00:12:46,320
of the most important questions

53
00:12:51,990 --> 00:12:49,120
in science and for mars one of the great

54
00:12:53,990 --> 00:12:52,000
mysteries and that is was this planet

55
00:12:55,910 --> 00:12:54,000
ever habitable

56
00:12:58,230 --> 00:12:55,920
our celebration of the success of

57
00:13:00,710 --> 00:12:58,240
curiosity's first year

58
00:13:03,750 --> 00:13:00,720
includes the anticipation of even more

59
00:13:06,150 --> 00:13:03,760
exciting years of discovery to come

60
00:13:06,870 --> 00:13:06,160
we have three conversations today for

61
00:13:09,110 --> 00:13:06,880
you

62
00:13:12,629 --> 00:13:09,120
one is about getting the amazing rover

63
00:13:14,629 --> 00:13:12,639
to the surface and making it work

64
00:13:18,069 --> 00:13:14,639
about the science that's been

65
00:13:20,310 --> 00:13:18,079
accomplished and that cut to come

66
00:13:21,829 --> 00:13:20,320
and we conclude with a look at the

67
00:13:24,550 --> 00:13:21,839
extraordinary

68
00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:24,560
public and worldwide impact that this

69
00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:26,800
mission has had

70
00:13:31,030 --> 00:13:29,360
but before getting started i'd like to

71
00:13:32,790 --> 00:13:31,040
quickly acknowledge

72
00:13:36,470 --> 00:13:32,800
the past and present leaders of

73
00:13:42,150 --> 00:13:38,629
the project managers

74
00:13:42,870 --> 00:13:42,160
are mike sander pete tysinger richard

75
00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:42,880
cook

76
00:13:48,470 --> 00:13:45,680
and jim erickson and project scientist

77
00:14:06,389 --> 00:13:48,480
ed stolper and john grotzinger

78
00:14:11,189 --> 00:14:08,310
and i'd ask

79
00:14:12,710 --> 00:14:11,199
everyone who has been part of this

80
00:14:16,150 --> 00:14:12,720
amazing mission

81
00:14:18,710 --> 00:14:16,160
to please stand and be acknowledged

82
00:14:20,710 --> 00:14:18,720
please stand those of you have been part

83
00:14:37,189 --> 00:14:20,720
of this mission and worked

84
00:14:41,750 --> 00:14:39,509
so to frame our first conversation

85
00:14:43,430 --> 00:14:41,760
here's a short video that i think helped

86
00:14:44,389 --> 00:14:43,440
to remind us

87
00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:44,399
what

88
00:14:54,629 --> 00:14:46,880
it took to get to the surface of mars

89
00:14:58,550 --> 00:14:57,269
that great things

90
00:15:00,790 --> 00:14:58,560
take

91
00:15:03,030 --> 00:15:00,800
many people working together to make

92
00:15:05,189 --> 00:15:03,040
them happen is one of the fantastic

93
00:15:07,030 --> 00:15:05,199
things of human existence

94
00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:07,040
we've not only driven the rover we've

95
00:15:10,470 --> 00:15:08,720
removed its arm put it all through its

96
00:15:12,949 --> 00:15:10,480
paces but it's been in a thermal vacuum

97
00:15:14,629 --> 00:15:12,959
chamber kept very cold if parts of it

98
00:15:17,110 --> 00:15:14,639
have been a centrifuge

99
00:15:20,069 --> 00:15:17,120
we've done drop tests pull tests drive

100
00:15:21,670 --> 00:15:20,079
tests load tests stress tests

101
00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:21,680
it's just an amazing amount of testing

102
00:15:25,189 --> 00:15:23,600
this vehicle has gone through we've

103
00:15:27,189 --> 00:15:25,199
tried every way of operating at the

104
00:15:29,670 --> 00:15:27,199
vehicle using the software literally

105
00:15:31,430 --> 00:15:29,680
thousands and thousands of hours of

106
00:15:34,310 --> 00:15:31,440
software testing

107
00:15:36,949 --> 00:15:34,320
it's been just a an amazing several

108
00:15:38,790 --> 00:15:36,959
years really of constant testing and

109
00:15:40,389 --> 00:15:38,800
development finding problems fixing

110
00:15:45,509 --> 00:15:40,399
those problems and going on to the next

111
00:15:54,949 --> 00:15:48,150
you'll see this is the ld on channel one

112
00:15:58,150 --> 00:15:56,550
am i confident that she's going to go

113
00:15:59,670 --> 00:15:58,160
and she's going to be successful

114
00:16:06,150 --> 00:15:59,680
absolutely

115
00:16:09,110 --> 00:16:07,829
we should have fair deploy around mach

116
00:16:11,430 --> 00:16:09,120
1.7

117
00:16:16,470 --> 00:16:11,440
the parachute is deployed

118
00:16:22,550 --> 00:16:18,389
has separated on the ground

119
00:16:25,829 --> 00:16:24,150
we are in power twice we're an altitude

120
00:16:36,470 --> 00:16:25,839
of one kilometer descending by

121
00:16:36,480 --> 00:16:57,590
touchdown

122
00:17:03,590 --> 00:17:00,150
what a fantastic demonstration of what

123
00:17:05,669 --> 00:17:03,600
our nation and our agency can do

124
00:17:07,909 --> 00:17:05,679
i could only think of the words of teddy

125
00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:07,919
roosevelt as i was sitting there

126
00:17:12,390 --> 00:17:10,000
it is far better to their mighty things

127
00:17:14,390 --> 00:17:12,400
even though we might fail

128
00:17:17,029 --> 00:17:14,400
than to stay in the twilight that knows

129
00:17:34,310 --> 00:17:17,039
neither victory nor defeat and the team

130
00:17:38,870 --> 00:17:36,390
so i'd like to introduce the host of

131
00:17:41,110 --> 00:17:38,880
today's first conversation

132
00:17:43,029 --> 00:17:41,120
the man who led the project that put

133
00:17:44,830 --> 00:17:43,039
spirit and opportunity

134
00:17:47,830 --> 00:17:44,840
on the surface of mars in

135
00:17:50,470 --> 00:17:47,840
2004 and again delivered the curiosity

136
00:18:01,669 --> 00:17:50,480
rover to mars in 2012.

137
00:18:05,029 --> 00:18:03,430
i really wish dan would stop reminding

138
00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:05,039
me how old i am

139
00:18:08,230 --> 00:18:06,320
um

140
00:18:09,669 --> 00:18:08,240
you know you look at that video and i

141
00:18:12,070 --> 00:18:09,679
don't know about you but i've probably

142
00:18:13,350 --> 00:18:12,080
seen that video a hundred times in the

143
00:18:16,070 --> 00:18:13,360
last year

144
00:18:18,070 --> 00:18:16,080
and you still think about how you felt

145
00:18:19,909 --> 00:18:18,080
that night and still

146
00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:19,919
in wonderment that it really did what it

147
00:18:24,630 --> 00:18:22,640
did it's it's an amazing story

148
00:18:26,310 --> 00:18:24,640
so i brought with me three of uh three

149
00:18:29,510 --> 00:18:26,320
of my cohorts to talk to you a little

150
00:18:32,230 --> 00:18:29,520
bit about uh some of the engineering uh

151
00:18:34,470 --> 00:18:32,240
stories about getting curiosity to uh to

152
00:18:36,150 --> 00:18:34,480
the launch pad and and to the planet and

153
00:18:37,350 --> 00:18:36,160
and in preparation for the surface

154
00:18:39,430 --> 00:18:37,360
operations

155
00:18:41,590 --> 00:18:39,440
to my left is matt wallace he was a

156
00:18:44,390 --> 00:18:41,600
flight system manager uh

157
00:18:46,630 --> 00:18:44,400
on on the mission uh from beginning to

158
00:18:49,350 --> 00:18:46,640
end uh which means he probably has the

159
00:18:52,150 --> 00:18:49,360
least sleep of anybody on the mission

160
00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:52,160
uh to his left is alan chen uh he was an

161
00:18:56,549 --> 00:18:54,880
engineer on adl and you may remember him

162
00:18:58,310 --> 00:18:56,559
at the night of

163
00:18:59,510 --> 00:18:58,320
curiosity's landing as being the voice

164
00:19:01,510 --> 00:18:59,520
of edl

165
00:19:03,510 --> 00:19:01,520
i think he said something like uh we're

166
00:19:04,630 --> 00:19:03,520
on mars everybody that was a nice nice

167
00:19:05,669 --> 00:19:04,640
thing to hear

168
00:19:08,150 --> 00:19:05,679
uh

169
00:19:09,270 --> 00:19:08,160
and then and to the far left is jessica

170
00:19:10,870 --> 00:19:09,280
samuels

171
00:19:12,870 --> 00:19:10,880
she was the phase lead for surface

172
00:19:14,470 --> 00:19:12,880
operations during development and now

173
00:19:16,470 --> 00:19:14,480
leaves the engineering team and she'll

174
00:19:17,990 --> 00:19:16,480
talk a little bit about operations so

175
00:19:20,070 --> 00:19:18,000
matt

176
00:19:21,510 --> 00:19:20,080
thanks pete uh

177
00:19:23,270 --> 00:19:21,520
i know this is going to come as a shock

178
00:19:25,909 --> 00:19:23,280
to some of you but on every single

179
00:19:27,669 --> 00:19:25,919
memory i have of msl happens to be of

180
00:19:29,909 --> 00:19:27,679
sunshine and roses

181
00:19:32,150 --> 00:19:29,919
there were some tough times there

182
00:19:34,230 --> 00:19:32,160
and uh and so i thought i'd say a couple

183
00:19:35,110 --> 00:19:34,240
words about one of those periods um it

184
00:19:37,990 --> 00:19:35,120
was

185
00:19:39,909 --> 00:19:38,000
kind of late spring of 2011 and we were

186
00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:39,919
just a few months away from having to

187
00:19:44,230 --> 00:19:42,720
ship the uh the vehicle to the cape

188
00:19:47,110 --> 00:19:44,240
we had had a pretty good winter we had

189
00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:47,120
just gotten through a difficult rework

190
00:19:51,110 --> 00:19:48,880
activity on the vehicle

191
00:19:53,750 --> 00:19:51,120
we had all of our engineering hardware

192
00:19:55,750 --> 00:19:53,760
we had all of our science instruments

193
00:19:57,029 --> 00:19:55,760
finally on the vehicle it was up it was

194
00:19:58,789 --> 00:19:57,039
running

195
00:20:00,310 --> 00:19:58,799
it was working as an integrated system

196
00:20:02,710 --> 00:20:00,320
we got through a

197
00:20:04,230 --> 00:20:02,720
vibration test of the vehicle curiosity

198
00:20:06,549 --> 00:20:04,240
and we took it into the chamber there

199
00:20:08,390 --> 00:20:06,559
was a quick picture in the video of the

200
00:20:11,510 --> 00:20:08,400
vehicle in the chamber

201
00:20:13,830 --> 00:20:11,520
with the simulated sun shining down on

202
00:20:16,070 --> 00:20:13,840
it and we thought perhaps you know

203
00:20:17,990 --> 00:20:16,080
the sun in fact you know was shining on

204
00:20:20,710 --> 00:20:18,000
the project at that point

205
00:20:24,150 --> 00:20:20,720
um but there were clouds on the horizon

206
00:20:26,789 --> 00:20:24,160
unfortunately and perhaps even uh some

207
00:20:29,350 --> 00:20:26,799
severe tropical storms uh

208
00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:29,360
and within a month or so as you can see

209
00:20:32,789 --> 00:20:30,720
in this picture

210
00:20:34,630 --> 00:20:32,799
the rover was up on the blocks it was

211
00:20:36,870 --> 00:20:34,640
dead bugged we had ripped some wheels

212
00:20:39,190 --> 00:20:36,880
off the belly pin was off we were

213
00:20:41,669 --> 00:20:39,200
pulling harnessing out to fix some of

214
00:20:43,110 --> 00:20:41,679
the components that needed reliability

215
00:20:45,669 --> 00:20:43,120
had some reliable

216
00:20:47,750 --> 00:20:45,679
reliability issues we were

217
00:20:49,430 --> 00:20:47,760
we were pulling boxes out because we

218
00:20:50,230 --> 00:20:49,440
were electronic boxes we were worried

219
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:50,240
about

220
00:20:53,510 --> 00:20:51,760
some of these boxes having a noise

221
00:20:54,870 --> 00:20:53,520
vulnerability that could have ended the

222
00:20:56,230 --> 00:20:54,880
mission during the entry descent and

223
00:20:58,070 --> 00:20:56,240
landing phase

224
00:20:59,830 --> 00:20:58,080
that you saw so successfully go through

225
00:21:01,270 --> 00:20:59,840
a year ago today

226
00:21:02,950 --> 00:21:01,280
so there were some

227
00:21:04,630 --> 00:21:02,960
significant issues we were also pulling

228
00:21:06,710 --> 00:21:04,640
off our sampling system which has been

229
00:21:09,990 --> 00:21:06,720
doing such tremendous work on the

230
00:21:11,669 --> 00:21:10,000
surface of mars um over the last uh uh

231
00:21:14,710 --> 00:21:11,679
sin over the last year

232
00:21:16,310 --> 00:21:14,720
and so uh it was a tense time and and

233
00:21:17,430 --> 00:21:16,320
some of us pete and i were trying to

234
00:21:19,270 --> 00:21:17,440
figure out

235
00:21:21,029 --> 00:21:19,280
where we were going to find enough time

236
00:21:23,190 --> 00:21:21,039
in the schedule to put this thing back

237
00:21:24,549 --> 00:21:23,200
together retest it

238
00:21:27,430 --> 00:21:24,559
get it down to the cape get the

239
00:21:30,470 --> 00:21:27,440
spacecraft restacked and and into the uh

240
00:21:33,110 --> 00:21:30,480
and onto the launch vehicle and i i

241
00:21:34,789 --> 00:21:33,120
remember thinking to myself

242
00:21:37,430 --> 00:21:34,799
why are we struggling here why is this

243
00:21:40,070 --> 00:21:37,440
so hard you know what do we try to do

244
00:21:42,870 --> 00:21:40,080
this to ourselves and uh

245
00:21:45,190 --> 00:21:42,880
and and after after a little bit of time

246
00:21:47,029 --> 00:21:45,200
uh thinking in hindsight in fact that

247
00:21:49,110 --> 00:21:47,039
that is exactly what we did we did

248
00:21:51,029 --> 00:21:49,120
intend to do that to ourselves and the

249
00:21:53,350 --> 00:21:51,039
reason was from the first day i i

250
00:21:55,590 --> 00:21:53,360
started working on this project

251
00:21:57,430 --> 00:21:55,600
we designed this system we architected

252
00:21:59,110 --> 00:21:57,440
it to be robust

253
00:22:02,149 --> 00:21:59,120
to be um

254
00:22:05,110 --> 00:22:02,159
reliable in flight for it to have the

255
00:22:07,350 --> 00:22:05,120
ability to uh to take a punch from mars

256
00:22:09,029 --> 00:22:07,360
and stay on its feet you know and we saw

257
00:22:10,789 --> 00:22:09,039
that a year ago when we landed we went

258
00:22:12,549 --> 00:22:10,799
right down the middle we had a very

259
00:22:13,830 --> 00:22:12,559
successful landing

260
00:22:17,029 --> 00:22:13,840
and we've been watching that on the

261
00:22:18,950 --> 00:22:17,039
surface of mars i think this is a very

262
00:22:20,149 --> 00:22:18,960
um this is a this is a vehicle that

263
00:22:23,270 --> 00:22:20,159
likes to be

264
00:22:26,549 --> 00:22:23,280
on its way or on the surface of mars and

265
00:22:28,870 --> 00:22:26,559
uh the the corollary to that of course

266
00:22:30,230 --> 00:22:28,880
is that it makes it you may have to

267
00:22:31,750 --> 00:22:30,240
build some very

268
00:22:33,190 --> 00:22:31,760
uh difficult things you may have to

269
00:22:34,070 --> 00:22:33,200
design and build some very difficult

270
00:22:37,430 --> 00:22:34,080
things

271
00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:37,440
and uh and fortunately um we have uh we

272
00:22:42,310 --> 00:22:39,200
had a very uh

273
00:22:44,630 --> 00:22:42,320
strong and resilient team to do that

274
00:22:46,710 --> 00:22:44,640
and and that was at that period of time

275
00:22:48,789 --> 00:22:46,720
really called uh called on that team to

276
00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:48,799
do everything they could to get through

277
00:22:53,190 --> 00:22:50,880
that rebuild cycle

278
00:22:55,669 --> 00:22:53,200
as you can see here get the vehicle back

279
00:22:58,230 --> 00:22:55,679
together and get it down to the cape and

280
00:23:00,950 --> 00:22:58,240
and eventually in the next image um you

281
00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:00,960
can see the spacecraft fully assembled

282
00:23:05,830 --> 00:23:03,520
ready for encapsulation uh

283
00:23:09,110 --> 00:23:05,840
inside the uh the launch vehicle

284
00:23:10,789 --> 00:23:09,120
uh so uh it it was uh

285
00:23:13,029 --> 00:23:10,799
you know the the project brought all

286
00:23:15,669 --> 00:23:13,039
kinds of challenges absolutely but uh

287
00:23:17,909 --> 00:23:15,679
the story ends well as you all know

288
00:23:19,590 --> 00:23:17,919
and uh and and i want to once again just

289
00:23:22,149 --> 00:23:19,600
thank the the team here and at the

290
00:23:23,990 --> 00:23:22,159
various centers uh out in industry our

291
00:23:27,270 --> 00:23:24,000
international partners everybody that

292
00:23:29,750 --> 00:23:27,280
really made this uh this possible so

293
00:23:31,830 --> 00:23:29,760
thanks peter thank you man

294
00:23:33,750 --> 00:23:31,840
um of course that was only one of the of

295
00:23:35,430 --> 00:23:33,760
the many stories and challenges that uh

296
00:23:36,470 --> 00:23:35,440
that happened to curiosity on the way to

297
00:23:38,870 --> 00:23:36,480
florida

298
00:23:41,270 --> 00:23:38,880
i can remember

299
00:23:42,630 --> 00:23:41,280
talking with matt and and dave rule the

300
00:23:44,470 --> 00:23:42,640
head of atlo and

301
00:23:45,830 --> 00:23:44,480
talking about including rework periods

302
00:23:47,110 --> 00:23:45,840
in the outlook schedule because we knew

303
00:23:48,310 --> 00:23:47,120
we were going to have problem failure

304
00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:48,320
reports we knew that some of those were

305
00:23:51,750 --> 00:23:50,400
going to require hardware changes and

306
00:23:53,750 --> 00:23:51,760
we thought we would you know

307
00:23:55,830 --> 00:23:53,760
pre-schedule some of that thing and and

308
00:23:58,390 --> 00:23:55,840
so we put the uh

309
00:23:59,909 --> 00:23:58,400
one of the we put a reworked period in

310
00:24:01,750 --> 00:23:59,919
the outlook schedule and and the

311
00:24:04,070 --> 00:24:01,760
incident that matt talked about was

312
00:24:05,909 --> 00:24:04,080
number three of the one uh at low rework

313
00:24:06,710 --> 00:24:05,919
period that we had

314
00:24:08,710 --> 00:24:06,720
um

315
00:24:10,390 --> 00:24:08,720
i wanna i wanna uh echo max

316
00:24:11,990 --> 00:24:10,400
congratulations to the team that not

317
00:24:13,990 --> 00:24:12,000
only worked on the design of curiosity

318
00:24:15,990 --> 00:24:14,000
but also the atlo team

319
00:24:18,149 --> 00:24:16,000
that in so many of our missions uh save

320
00:24:20,549 --> 00:24:18,159
our our behinds because of the ability

321
00:24:23,029 --> 00:24:20,559
to compress schedule at the very end

322
00:24:25,350 --> 00:24:23,039
and also to the kennedy team who uh

323
00:24:26,710 --> 00:24:25,360
who uh in in in preparation of the

324
00:24:29,350 --> 00:24:26,720
fairing which had to be cleaned for

325
00:24:31,029 --> 00:24:29,360
planetary protection purposes and also

326
00:24:32,950 --> 00:24:31,039
in uh in the last integration of the

327
00:24:34,789 --> 00:24:32,960
vehicle did a fantastic job so that we

328
00:24:37,029 --> 00:24:34,799
launched in fact on the second

329
00:24:38,950 --> 00:24:37,039
geometrical opportunity and it was a it

330
00:24:40,470 --> 00:24:38,960
was a very successful launch

331
00:24:42,630 --> 00:24:40,480
and that got us into cruise and of

332
00:24:44,070 --> 00:24:42,640
course you might think that that

333
00:24:46,789 --> 00:24:44,080
would have been an easy time but it was

334
00:24:47,990 --> 00:24:46,799
not really um we had we had flight

335
00:24:49,590 --> 00:24:48,000
software to

336
00:24:52,310 --> 00:24:49,600
to to do because we had the late flight

337
00:24:54,789 --> 00:24:52,320
software development we had a few cruise

338
00:24:57,190 --> 00:24:54,799
things to worry about we had the uh

339
00:24:58,549 --> 00:24:57,200
we had a computer issue early on that

340
00:25:00,549 --> 00:24:58,559
that we solved with the help with the

341
00:25:02,470 --> 00:25:00,559
help of our baa partner

342
00:25:04,230 --> 00:25:02,480
and then we got to edl and alan we'll

343
00:25:05,750 --> 00:25:04,240
talk a little bit about that

344
00:25:07,269 --> 00:25:05,760
uh since it's been the year since

345
00:25:09,029 --> 00:25:07,279
landing i figured it would be a good

346
00:25:10,230 --> 00:25:09,039
time to make a bit of a public

347
00:25:11,350 --> 00:25:10,240
confession

348
00:25:13,110 --> 00:25:11,360
um

349
00:25:15,190 --> 00:25:13,120
as pete mentioned i you know i had the

350
00:25:16,789 --> 00:25:15,200
honor of uh doing the play-by-play on

351
00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:16,799
the way down i kind of gave myself two

352
00:25:20,789 --> 00:25:18,960
guidelines uh one was to try not to say

353
00:25:22,390 --> 00:25:20,799
anything stupid and the second was to

354
00:25:23,909 --> 00:25:22,400
try to report what i saw and report

355
00:25:26,549 --> 00:25:23,919
everything i saw and it's actually that

356
00:25:28,310 --> 00:25:26,559
second one which i didn't do

357
00:25:30,149 --> 00:25:28,320
it turns out uh you know if you're

358
00:25:32,230 --> 00:25:30,159
taking you back to that night uh a year

359
00:25:33,590 --> 00:25:32,240
ago um you know we were watching

360
00:25:35,669 --> 00:25:33,600
telemetry coming in from the vehicle and

361
00:25:38,710 --> 00:25:35,679
we had two types we had these tones at

362
00:25:41,029 --> 00:25:38,720
the one of these 256 notes that the the

363
00:25:42,549 --> 00:25:41,039
the uh that curiosity would send back to

364
00:25:44,710 --> 00:25:42,559
us to tell us what was going on and

365
00:25:46,710 --> 00:25:44,720
that's all we had for about you know 14

366
00:25:48,390 --> 00:25:46,720
15 minutes from around cruise stage

367
00:25:49,909 --> 00:25:48,400
separation until we got into the

368
00:25:53,110 --> 00:25:49,919
atmosphere and then after that we

369
00:25:54,710 --> 00:25:53,120
started picking up data from odyssey

370
00:25:56,230 --> 00:25:54,720
it's those tones that you know things

371
00:25:58,230 --> 00:25:56,240
were looking pretty good for a long time

372
00:26:00,390 --> 00:25:58,240
uh you know we had 10 minutes of pretty

373
00:26:01,830 --> 00:26:00,400
boring heartbeat tones i was like

374
00:26:03,510 --> 00:26:01,840
my blood pressure was up but you know

375
00:26:05,110 --> 00:26:03,520
let's just calm it down a little bit

376
00:26:07,350 --> 00:26:05,120
then uh shortly after we hit the

377
00:26:09,590 --> 00:26:07,360
atmosphere we got a tone called uh

378
00:26:12,470 --> 00:26:09,600
mead's beta catastrophic

379
00:26:15,510 --> 00:26:12,480
um usually bad when you get these these

380
00:26:16,870 --> 00:26:15,520
tones that come back saying catastrophic

381
00:26:18,630 --> 00:26:16,880
you know we had intended that tone to

382
00:26:19,990 --> 00:26:18,640
tell us that we were about to imminently

383
00:26:21,190 --> 00:26:20,000
lose the vehicle

384
00:26:23,110 --> 00:26:21,200
these were

385
00:26:23,990 --> 00:26:23,120
it was based on you had to do a lot of

386
00:26:26,630 --> 00:26:24,000
processing because you couldn't send

387
00:26:28,549 --> 00:26:26,640
back raw telemetry in these tones

388
00:26:29,590 --> 00:26:28,559
and uh you know that really spiked my

389
00:26:31,430 --> 00:26:29,600
blood pressure i think i almost had a

390
00:26:33,269 --> 00:26:31,440
heart attack when i saw that

391
00:26:35,750 --> 00:26:33,279
you know what that meant was you know if

392
00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:35,760
it was true was that the the vehicle was

393
00:26:39,190 --> 00:26:37,120
either tumbling

394
00:26:41,430 --> 00:26:39,200
or not heat shield forward

395
00:26:42,630 --> 00:26:41,440
toward the atmosphere we was using

396
00:26:44,310 --> 00:26:42,640
it's using the sensors actually you can

397
00:26:45,909 --> 00:26:44,320
see them on heat shield there

398
00:26:47,190 --> 00:26:45,919
these pressure sensors to try to guess

399
00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:47,200
try to figure out what the attitude of

400
00:26:49,750 --> 00:26:48,640
the vehicle was

401
00:26:51,110 --> 00:26:49,760
um so

402
00:26:52,789 --> 00:26:51,120
i bet if you watch i haven't gone back

403
00:26:54,870 --> 00:26:52,799
and re-watched the video i can't stand

404
00:26:56,149 --> 00:26:54,880
watching myself but uh

405
00:26:58,950 --> 00:26:56,159
i bet if you go back and watch it you

406
00:27:01,029 --> 00:26:58,960
can probably see me seize up um i'm a

407
00:27:02,630 --> 00:27:01,039
terrible poker player and uh

408
00:27:03,830 --> 00:27:02,640
you know it's uh

409
00:27:06,149 --> 00:27:03,840
yeah that was definitely a

410
00:27:07,430 --> 00:27:06,159
heart-stopping moment for me and i

411
00:27:09,750 --> 00:27:07,440
thought about it for a second you know i

412
00:27:10,950 --> 00:27:09,760
had figured you know if uh

413
00:27:12,470 --> 00:27:10,960
you know if about to lose the vehicle i

414
00:27:15,830 --> 00:27:12,480
better not say anything dumb there back

415
00:27:17,590 --> 00:27:15,840
to guideline one um so

416
00:27:18,630 --> 00:27:17,600
yeah i was like you know this this just

417
00:27:19,990 --> 00:27:18,640
happened right after we hit the

418
00:27:22,470 --> 00:27:20,000
atmosphere there really shouldn't be

419
00:27:24,549 --> 00:27:22,480
much air at that point do i really

420
00:27:26,149 --> 00:27:24,559
believe this you know is there is there

421
00:27:28,230 --> 00:27:26,159
something going on here that's uh that's

422
00:27:30,710 --> 00:27:28,240
more than more than i was thinking about

423
00:27:31,669 --> 00:27:30,720
um you know because it's it's using uh

424
00:27:32,950 --> 00:27:31,679
you know it's trying to basically

425
00:27:33,990 --> 00:27:32,960
subtract off the pressures from two

426
00:27:35,669 --> 00:27:34,000
different sides of the heat shield to

427
00:27:37,269 --> 00:27:35,679
figure out what the attitude is but

428
00:27:38,870 --> 00:27:37,279
really there's not much air up there are

429
00:27:39,909 --> 00:27:38,880
we getting much pressure at all what's

430
00:27:41,909 --> 00:27:39,919
going on

431
00:27:43,190 --> 00:27:41,919
um so i figured let me sit on this one

432
00:27:44,710 --> 00:27:43,200
for a minute if we're about to lose the

433
00:27:46,310 --> 00:27:44,720
vehicle if we're about to you know we're

434
00:27:47,350 --> 00:27:46,320
about to hit peak deceleration and peak

435
00:27:48,230 --> 00:27:47,360
heating it's going to become pretty

436
00:27:49,830 --> 00:27:48,240
obvious if we're going to lose the

437
00:27:51,110 --> 00:27:49,840
vehicle in a minute or two

438
00:27:56,389 --> 00:27:51,120
um

439
00:27:58,470 --> 00:27:56,399
luckily everything else turned out okay

440
00:28:00,310 --> 00:27:58,480
um you know it turns out actually that

441
00:28:02,389 --> 00:28:00,320
the instrument is working fine but the

442
00:28:04,070 --> 00:28:02,399
uh if we just had a calibration error

443
00:28:06,549 --> 00:28:04,080
and how i was going about it

444
00:28:08,230 --> 00:28:06,559
um but uh yeah if i wasn't already

445
00:28:09,909 --> 00:28:08,240
sweating a lot then then i was super

446
00:28:12,230 --> 00:28:09,919
sweating after that

447
00:28:14,230 --> 00:28:12,240
definitely had the heart pounding so

448
00:28:16,070 --> 00:28:14,240
but you know as i like to say edl is

449
00:28:17,669 --> 00:28:16,080
really just the uh the middle of the

450
00:28:19,750 --> 00:28:17,679
story or even closer to the beginning

451
00:28:21,190 --> 00:28:19,760
really uh it's what's happened afterward

452
00:28:22,789 --> 00:28:21,200
that's kind of been the most rewarding

453
00:28:24,710 --> 00:28:22,799
for me

454
00:28:27,430 --> 00:28:24,720
thanks alan um

455
00:28:28,830 --> 00:28:27,440
i'm glad you didn't tell me

456
00:28:31,110 --> 00:28:28,840
i didn't want to kill

457
00:28:32,870 --> 00:28:31,120
anybody and given all the taxes given

458
00:28:34,389 --> 00:28:32,880
all the vips that were there that night

459
00:28:36,950 --> 00:28:34,399
i'm glad you exercised a measure of

460
00:28:41,110 --> 00:28:39,350
and for all that work for the seven

461
00:28:43,029 --> 00:28:41,120
years to get to that point in time for

462
00:28:46,070 --> 00:28:43,039
all the risk reduction that had happened

463
00:28:48,950 --> 00:28:46,080
all the the risk reduction during design

464
00:28:50,630 --> 00:28:48,960
and during assembly and and the fact of

465
00:28:52,470 --> 00:28:50,640
launch which has its own

466
00:28:54,950 --> 00:28:52,480
issues and crews

467
00:28:57,510 --> 00:28:54,960
and edl and we're finally on the surface

468
00:28:59,350 --> 00:28:57,520
and you need to realize at that point

469
00:29:01,909 --> 00:28:59,360
in your book that you're reading you've

470
00:29:02,789 --> 00:29:01,919
just passed the prologue

471
00:29:05,269 --> 00:29:02,799
okay

472
00:29:06,710 --> 00:29:05,279
because we do all that work

473
00:29:08,549 --> 00:29:06,720
so that the surface science and the

474
00:29:09,830 --> 00:29:08,559
service operations take place and

475
00:29:12,230 --> 00:29:09,840
jessica will talk a little bit about

476
00:29:14,230 --> 00:29:12,240
that so we've really been having an

477
00:29:17,909 --> 00:29:14,240
exciting time on the surface in this

478
00:29:20,549 --> 00:29:17,919
past year we've sent over 15 000

479
00:29:24,389 --> 00:29:20,559
commands to the rover so far with an

480
00:29:27,029 --> 00:29:24,399
average of 600 to 800 commands a day

481
00:29:27,990 --> 00:29:27,039
which is a pretty impressive and our

482
00:29:30,630 --> 00:29:28,000
five

483
00:29:32,789 --> 00:29:30,640
samples that we've scooped and uh two

484
00:29:34,470 --> 00:29:32,799
drill rock targets where we delivered

485
00:29:37,590 --> 00:29:34,480
those samples to our analytical

486
00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:37,600
instruments and uh we're approaching two

487
00:29:40,710 --> 00:29:38,960
kilometers or about one and three

488
00:29:42,470 --> 00:29:40,720
quarter kilometers

489
00:29:44,789 --> 00:29:42,480
and the countless number of science

490
00:29:45,909 --> 00:29:44,799
papers that the science team has been

491
00:29:48,950 --> 00:29:45,919
able to

492
00:29:50,630 --> 00:29:48,960
uh draft and present um has really been

493
00:29:52,870 --> 00:29:50,640
a testament to how much we've been able

494
00:29:54,710 --> 00:29:52,880
to exercise the capabilities all the

495
00:29:57,590 --> 00:29:54,720
capabilities of this vehicle

496
00:29:59,669 --> 00:29:57,600
um so we've been having a great time on

497
00:30:03,190 --> 00:29:59,679
the surface but kind of keeping in line

498
00:30:05,669 --> 00:30:03,200
with these challenges um our our pro

499
00:30:06,710 --> 00:30:05,679
probably our biggest challenge arise

500
00:30:09,430 --> 00:30:06,720
about

501
00:30:11,750 --> 00:30:09,440
halfway into the year um we had just

502
00:30:14,950 --> 00:30:11,760
finished our first drill sample

503
00:30:15,830 --> 00:30:14,960
um at the john klein science target and

504
00:30:18,470 --> 00:30:15,840
uh

505
00:30:20,549 --> 00:30:18,480
had delivered um some of those

506
00:30:23,510 --> 00:30:20,559
samples to the science instruments

507
00:30:25,510 --> 00:30:23,520
um but uh on one of the afternoons when

508
00:30:27,190 --> 00:30:25,520
we received the data we were

509
00:30:28,950 --> 00:30:27,200
we saw that we actually weren't getting

510
00:30:30,789 --> 00:30:28,960
data products from the spacecraft and

511
00:30:32,470 --> 00:30:30,799
that's one of the main ways that we get

512
00:30:33,510 --> 00:30:32,480
the telemetry from what's happening on

513
00:30:35,909 --> 00:30:33,520
the rover

514
00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:35,919
and uh and it was kind of convoluted

515
00:30:39,990 --> 00:30:38,000
with you know rain and spain at the dsn

516
00:30:41,669 --> 00:30:40,000
and so it was a little hard to to make

517
00:30:43,269 --> 00:30:41,679
out what was going on with the data but

518
00:30:46,070 --> 00:30:43,279
we have a second overflight from the

519
00:30:47,590 --> 00:30:46,080
odyssey orbiter and and that data also

520
00:30:50,230 --> 00:30:47,600
showed us that the rover hadn't gone to

521
00:30:53,510 --> 00:30:50,240
sleep um in between the two times um

522
00:30:57,190 --> 00:30:53,520
from the mro pass and this odyssey pass

523
00:30:59,110 --> 00:30:57,200
so that got people worried and uh the

524
00:31:01,750 --> 00:30:59,120
conclusion was that the spacecraft

525
00:31:03,510 --> 00:31:01,760
really wasn't operating how we were

526
00:31:07,029 --> 00:31:03,520
expecting it to and it wasn't performing

527
00:31:09,990 --> 00:31:07,039
its nominal functions so after a very

528
00:31:11,909 --> 00:31:10,000
long day and night and commanding into

529
00:31:13,909 --> 00:31:11,919
the middle of the night and we weren't

530
00:31:15,830 --> 00:31:13,919
uh we were no longer on mars time so

531
00:31:16,789 --> 00:31:15,840
everybody had already been there a long

532
00:31:18,870 --> 00:31:16,799
day

533
00:31:20,789 --> 00:31:18,880
the team concluded that the most

534
00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:20,799
important thing was to get it back into

535
00:31:24,950 --> 00:31:23,120
the configuration that we know which is

536
00:31:26,710 --> 00:31:24,960
to swap the computers from

537
00:31:27,830 --> 00:31:26,720
the a side computer over to the b-side

538
00:31:29,510 --> 00:31:27,840
computer

539
00:31:31,110 --> 00:31:29,520
and

540
00:31:33,110 --> 00:31:31,120
all this was happening

541
00:31:34,789 --> 00:31:33,120
and you know surface being this mission

542
00:31:37,110 --> 00:31:34,799
of you know science discovery and being

543
00:31:38,950 --> 00:31:37,120
led by whatever um

544
00:31:40,789 --> 00:31:38,960
you know is in front of you i don't know

545
00:31:42,950 --> 00:31:40,799
if the team was just nostalgic for a

546
00:31:44,870 --> 00:31:42,960
deadline um because you know launch

547
00:31:45,909 --> 00:31:44,880
happened and cruise happened orlando

548
00:31:48,470 --> 00:31:45,919
happened

549
00:31:50,789 --> 00:31:48,480
uh we had solar conjunction happening

550
00:31:52,789 --> 00:31:50,799
within a month um from when this event

551
00:31:54,950 --> 00:31:52,799
occurred which meant we weren't going to

552
00:31:57,029 --> 00:31:54,960
see um we weren't going to be able to

553
00:31:58,230 --> 00:31:57,039
command um or really hear from the

554
00:31:59,029 --> 00:31:58,240
spacecraft

555
00:32:01,669 --> 00:31:59,039
in

556
00:32:03,750 --> 00:32:01,679
for about three weeks over um the month

557
00:32:06,149 --> 00:32:03,760
of april so

558
00:32:08,149 --> 00:32:06,159
so here we were in march

559
00:32:09,909 --> 00:32:08,159
the team pulled together

560
00:32:11,669 --> 00:32:09,919
we had members

561
00:32:12,950 --> 00:32:11,679
past team members and current team

562
00:32:15,029 --> 00:32:12,960
members

563
00:32:16,789 --> 00:32:15,039
really coming together stepping up and

564
00:32:18,470 --> 00:32:16,799
doing all kinds of different jobs

565
00:32:20,149 --> 00:32:18,480
everybody kind of broke out into

566
00:32:23,110 --> 00:32:20,159
investigating the hardware side of what

567
00:32:25,350 --> 00:32:23,120
was going on in the software side

568
00:32:27,590 --> 00:32:25,360
and the ops process was even you know

569
00:32:30,630 --> 00:32:27,600
revamped to figure out how to channel or

570
00:32:34,310 --> 00:32:30,640
how to adapt to the anomaly at hand

571
00:32:36,710 --> 00:32:34,320
and just seeing the team come together

572
00:32:39,190 --> 00:32:36,720
like that i think was just a testament

573
00:32:41,669 --> 00:32:39,200
to the integrity and

574
00:32:44,230 --> 00:32:41,679
the commitment that we all have on these

575
00:32:46,470 --> 00:32:44,240
types of missions where you know you

576
00:32:49,350 --> 00:32:46,480
come back and you you know put

577
00:32:50,470 --> 00:32:49,360
put forward what uh what you bring what

578
00:32:51,509 --> 00:32:50,480
you know

579
00:32:55,269 --> 00:32:51,519
and

580
00:32:57,830 --> 00:32:55,279
i think

581
00:33:00,710 --> 00:32:57,840
being able to experience that and seeing

582
00:33:03,669 --> 00:33:00,720
all the faces kind of um bring their

583
00:33:05,509 --> 00:33:03,679
piece to the table was um was pretty

584
00:33:07,830 --> 00:33:05,519
exciting to go through that kind of

585
00:33:09,269 --> 00:33:07,840
harrowing time where we were against the

586
00:33:12,149 --> 00:33:09,279
clock

587
00:33:14,470 --> 00:33:12,159
so we recovered in a couple weeks and

588
00:33:16,149 --> 00:33:14,480
got science back up and running and we

589
00:33:17,750 --> 00:33:16,159
modified the flight software to be more

590
00:33:20,549 --> 00:33:17,760
robust and so going into that

591
00:33:22,789 --> 00:33:20,559
conjunction period and we were prepared

592
00:33:24,389 --> 00:33:22,799
and should have a problem like this

593
00:33:27,909 --> 00:33:24,399
happen again on the other computer that

594
00:33:30,389 --> 00:33:27,919
we're operating on but um but aside from

595
00:33:32,789 --> 00:33:30,399
that one you know kind of scary moment

596
00:33:34,710 --> 00:33:32,799
there the surface operation has just

597
00:33:38,230 --> 00:33:34,720
been fantastic in terms of what we're

598
00:33:39,190 --> 00:33:38,240
learning and uh and just all the the

599
00:33:41,590 --> 00:33:39,200
different

600
00:33:43,990 --> 00:33:41,600
uh suite of capabilities that this rover

601
00:33:47,350 --> 00:33:44,000
has that's first time ever on mars stuff

602
00:33:49,750 --> 00:33:47,360
that we're doing so it's been pretty fun

603
00:33:52,310 --> 00:33:49,760
thank you jessica um i hadn't known it

604
00:33:53,669 --> 00:33:52,320
was a stormy night when that happened

605
00:33:55,990 --> 00:33:53,679
those of us that lived through the sole

606
00:33:59,029 --> 00:33:56,000
18 anomaly may have

607
00:34:01,029 --> 00:33:59,039
uh you know deja vu all over again with

608
00:34:02,230 --> 00:34:01,039
that whole but that whole story

609
00:34:04,710 --> 00:34:02,240
so

610
00:34:06,230 --> 00:34:04,720
that's only one part of as a as an old

611
00:34:07,990 --> 00:34:06,240
television program used to say there are

612
00:34:09,109 --> 00:34:08,000
eight million stories in the naked city

613
00:34:10,149 --> 00:34:09,119
and there's certainly eight million

614
00:34:11,990 --> 00:34:10,159
stories

615
00:34:13,589 --> 00:34:12,000
in terms of getting curiosity to where

616
00:34:15,349 --> 00:34:13,599
it is in today and

617
00:34:17,270 --> 00:34:15,359
and i think that people would

618
00:34:18,710 --> 00:34:17,280
would would be disappointed if i didn't

619
00:34:20,149 --> 00:34:18,720
point out that for all this wonderful

620
00:34:21,829 --> 00:34:20,159
congratulations and for all this

621
00:34:23,270 --> 00:34:21,839
wonderful feeling and for this

622
00:34:25,030 --> 00:34:23,280
celebration the fact is we're halfway

623
00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:25,040
through the mission we have not yet

624
00:34:27,829 --> 00:34:26,480
leveled that final level one

625
00:34:29,430 --> 00:34:27,839
requirements and

626
00:34:30,869 --> 00:34:29,440
but uh but i think the science panel

627
00:34:32,869 --> 00:34:30,879
will be up next and we'll talk about

628
00:34:44,550 --> 00:34:32,879
what we have accomplished and and and

629
00:34:49,589 --> 00:34:46,069
well thank you pete

630
00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:49,599
thank you matt allen and jessica

631
00:34:54,069 --> 00:34:52,240
uh in order to set up our discussion of

632
00:34:56,389 --> 00:34:54,079
some of the scientific achievements that

633
00:34:59,109 --> 00:34:56,399
we've seen thus far in the mission let's

634
00:35:12,710 --> 00:34:59,119
use some pictures to remind us of what's

635
00:35:16,470 --> 00:35:14,069
hello everybody

636
00:35:18,310 --> 00:35:16,480
good morning mr president

637
00:35:21,270 --> 00:35:18,320
i just want to call and say

638
00:35:23,589 --> 00:35:21,280
congratulations to the entire uh hard

639
00:35:25,349 --> 00:35:23,599
science laboratory team what you

640
00:35:27,109 --> 00:35:25,359
accomplished embodied the american

641
00:35:29,349 --> 00:35:27,119
spirit and your passion and your

642
00:35:31,910 --> 00:35:29,359
commitment is making a difference you

643
00:35:34,470 --> 00:35:31,920
guys have done an outstanding job you

644
00:35:37,190 --> 00:35:34,480
made us all proud curiosity is going to

645
00:35:38,710 --> 00:35:37,200
be telling us things that we did not

646
00:35:39,589 --> 00:35:38,720
know before and laying the groundwork

647
00:35:41,430 --> 00:35:39,599
for

648
00:35:42,870 --> 00:35:41,440
an even more audacious undertaking in

649
00:35:48,069 --> 00:35:42,880
the future as the human mission of the

650
00:35:52,470 --> 00:35:50,710
to recap here we have a set of go no-go

651
00:35:55,190 --> 00:35:52,480
criteria we want to make sure that the

652
00:35:56,310 --> 00:35:55,200
vehicle is healthy and safe

653
00:35:58,230 --> 00:35:56,320
i will

654
00:35:59,510 --> 00:35:58,240
give everybody a heads up about 15

655
00:36:06,870 --> 00:35:59,520
minutes in advance of when we're

656
00:36:11,990 --> 00:36:08,630
images are coming down

657
00:36:32,630 --> 00:36:12,000
and everything looks looks good really

658
00:36:37,670 --> 00:36:34,870
congratulations everybody it looks like

659
00:36:39,589 --> 00:36:37,680
we've got some nice new images to look

660
00:37:09,270 --> 00:36:39,599
at on the surface and

661
00:37:13,910 --> 00:37:11,270
please

662
00:37:16,470 --> 00:37:13,920
help me welcome the project scientist

663
00:37:19,190 --> 00:37:16,480
for the mars science laboratory

664
00:37:22,390 --> 00:37:19,200
the man who leads an amazing team of

665
00:37:33,829 --> 00:37:22,400
science across our planet ladies and

666
00:37:40,150 --> 00:37:35,829
well it's a real pleasure to be here on

667
00:37:42,230 --> 00:37:40,160
behalf of our 468 science team members

668
00:37:43,910 --> 00:37:42,240
uh that work on the curiosity mission

669
00:37:45,910 --> 00:37:43,920
and i'd like to start by thanking our

670
00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:45,920
colleagues in engineering that have made

671
00:37:49,510 --> 00:37:48,160
this all possible it really has been

672
00:37:51,589 --> 00:37:49,520
spectacular what you all have

673
00:37:54,310 --> 00:37:51,599
accomplished so thank you for that

674
00:37:56,870 --> 00:37:54,320
i'm joined today by my colleagues on the

675
00:37:58,710 --> 00:37:56,880
mission uh ken edgett who is the

676
00:38:02,950 --> 00:37:58,720
principal investigator of the mali

677
00:38:05,510 --> 00:38:02,960
instrument and a lifelong mars scientist

678
00:38:08,550 --> 00:38:05,520
and bethany ellman another colleague on

679
00:38:09,910 --> 00:38:08,560
the mission who works as one of our

680
00:38:11,270 --> 00:38:09,920
tactical

681
00:38:13,750 --> 00:38:11,280
uh

682
00:38:16,230 --> 00:38:13,760
leads called a science operation working

683
00:38:17,109 --> 00:38:16,240
group chair that that commands the rover

684
00:38:19,829 --> 00:38:17,119
and

685
00:38:21,829 --> 00:38:19,839
adjudicates between all the different

686
00:38:23,750 --> 00:38:21,839
uh people that would like to do science

687
00:38:26,069 --> 00:38:23,760
each day and coming up with a final list

688
00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:26,079
of what needs to be done and ashwin

689
00:38:30,870 --> 00:38:28,800
vasavada who is an atmospheric scientist

690
00:38:32,390 --> 00:38:30,880
and the deputy project scientist along

691
00:38:35,109 --> 00:38:32,400
with joy crisp

692
00:38:37,750 --> 00:38:35,119
and ashwin does tactical work as well as

693
00:38:39,670 --> 00:38:37,760
strategic work and i think we widely

694
00:38:40,790 --> 00:38:39,680
appreciate him for pretty much running

695
00:38:41,589 --> 00:38:40,800
the mission

696
00:38:43,910 --> 00:38:41,599
and

697
00:38:46,870 --> 00:38:43,920
he does a terrific job i want to take

698
00:38:48,950 --> 00:38:46,880
you back to to the drill hole uh that

699
00:38:49,910 --> 00:38:48,960
that really has made history for this

700
00:38:53,430 --> 00:38:49,920
mission

701
00:38:55,829 --> 00:38:53,440
and it shared as a major uh engineering

702
00:38:57,510 --> 00:38:55,839
accomplishment it wasn't seven minutes

703
00:38:59,349 --> 00:38:57,520
it took seven months

704
00:39:01,829 --> 00:38:59,359
and you know this was something that the

705
00:39:03,829 --> 00:39:01,839
team worked incredibly hard at and we

706
00:39:07,030 --> 00:39:03,839
approached this prospect with great

707
00:39:09,430 --> 00:39:07,040
anticipation because before we landed

708
00:39:11,109 --> 00:39:09,440
the science team made a map

709
00:39:12,710 --> 00:39:11,119
and with that map

710
00:39:14,150 --> 00:39:12,720
when we landed we decided to do

711
00:39:16,630 --> 00:39:14,160
something that completely baffled the

712
00:39:18,310 --> 00:39:16,640
media which was to drive in the opposite

713
00:39:19,829 --> 00:39:18,320
direction that we had told everybody we

714
00:39:21,109 --> 00:39:19,839
were going to be driving in we're

715
00:39:22,630 --> 00:39:21,119
supposed to be driving towards this

716
00:39:25,270 --> 00:39:22,640
mountain and now the science team is

717
00:39:27,589 --> 00:39:25,280
headed off in the opposite direction we

718
00:39:29,349 --> 00:39:27,599
had a few people to explain that to and

719
00:39:31,750 --> 00:39:29,359
and rationalize

720
00:39:34,230 --> 00:39:31,760
uh but the reason for that was is that

721
00:39:36,470 --> 00:39:34,240
that the team had done their homework

722
00:39:38,069 --> 00:39:36,480
and with all the incredible work that

723
00:39:41,349 --> 00:39:38,079
came down from mars reconnaissance

724
00:39:44,470 --> 00:39:41,359
orbiter uh the high-rise uh camera the

725
00:39:46,470 --> 00:39:44,480
chrison uh hyperspectral camera we were

726
00:39:48,870 --> 00:39:46,480
able to come up with a very highly

727
00:39:51,190 --> 00:39:48,880
evolved understanding of what our

728
00:39:53,589 --> 00:39:51,200
options were so that when we landed we

729
00:39:55,910 --> 00:39:53,599
decided to execute one that took us on

730
00:39:57,589 --> 00:39:55,920
this path eventually down into a place

731
00:39:58,630 --> 00:39:57,599
called yellowknife bay where we drilled

732
00:40:00,710 --> 00:39:58,640
this hole

733
00:40:02,550 --> 00:40:00,720
and when we drilled into it we realized

734
00:40:04,470 --> 00:40:02,560
the scent was getting warmer and warmer

735
00:40:06,630 --> 00:40:04,480
and then as we got down in there

736
00:40:08,790 --> 00:40:06,640
we drilled it we looked at it and mars

737
00:40:10,470 --> 00:40:08,800
changed from red to gray and that told

738
00:40:11,670 --> 00:40:10,480
us that the iron was reduced which is

739
00:40:13,670 --> 00:40:11,680
something that's very important for

740
00:40:15,990 --> 00:40:13,680
microbial metabolism

741
00:40:18,069 --> 00:40:16,000
and basically what we got out of that

742
00:40:20,790 --> 00:40:18,079
was an understanding of a habitable

743
00:40:23,190 --> 00:40:20,800
environment which is not just yet again

744
00:40:25,589 --> 00:40:23,200
another discovery of water but

745
00:40:27,270 --> 00:40:25,599
characterizing that water and the rocks

746
00:40:30,630 --> 00:40:27,280
and the minerals that were there

747
00:40:32,310 --> 00:40:30,640
to tell us that if simple microorganisms

748
00:40:34,630 --> 00:40:32,320
so simple that they don't need sunlight

749
00:40:35,910 --> 00:40:34,640
they need only chemical energy they use

750
00:40:37,589 --> 00:40:35,920
rocks and minerals sort of like

751
00:40:40,630 --> 00:40:37,599
batteries and there's a transfer of

752
00:40:41,829 --> 00:40:40,640
electrons as the microorganism interacts

753
00:40:44,790 --> 00:40:41,839
with these

754
00:40:46,390 --> 00:40:44,800
chemical substances that are there and

755
00:40:48,790 --> 00:40:46,400
what we were able to do with the payload

756
00:40:51,030 --> 00:40:48,800
this was a truly integrated set of

757
00:40:53,030 --> 00:40:51,040
observations every instrument was

758
00:40:55,270 --> 00:40:53,040
involved in this the rems instrument

759
00:40:57,030 --> 00:40:55,280
which is our atmospheric experiment

760
00:40:59,190 --> 00:40:57,040
actually has a ground temperature sensor

761
00:41:01,109 --> 00:40:59,200
so that when we crossed over this

762
00:41:03,670 --> 00:41:01,119
boundary that you had seen in the with

763
00:41:05,349 --> 00:41:03,680
themis data from orbiter from odyssey

764
00:41:07,910 --> 00:41:05,359
that predicted we would cross over into

765
00:41:09,750 --> 00:41:07,920
high thermal inertia terrain when we

766
00:41:11,990 --> 00:41:09,760
crossed over that boundary within one

767
00:41:13,829 --> 00:41:12,000
saw the ground temperature sensor on

768
00:41:16,870 --> 00:41:13,839
rems told us we were in the right

769
00:41:17,670 --> 00:41:16,880
terrain the remote sensing package the

770
00:41:20,150 --> 00:41:17,680
the

771
00:41:21,589 --> 00:41:20,160
chemcam instrument worked perfectly to

772
00:41:23,349 --> 00:41:21,599
tell us that suddenly there were

773
00:41:24,309 --> 00:41:23,359
sulfates there where we had seen none

774
00:41:25,990 --> 00:41:24,319
before

775
00:41:27,510 --> 00:41:26,000
and then after that as we went down even

776
00:41:30,230 --> 00:41:27,520
the rat instrument which measures the

777
00:41:31,990 --> 00:41:30,240
background radiation for for astronauts

778
00:41:34,630 --> 00:41:32,000
to do future exploration it made a

779
00:41:36,630 --> 00:41:34,640
measurement it all added up to

780
00:41:38,870 --> 00:41:36,640
understanding this environment as being

781
00:41:41,349 --> 00:41:38,880
chemically one that was favorable for

782
00:41:42,790 --> 00:41:41,359
life not in a in a harsh way but

783
00:41:44,870 --> 00:41:42,800
actually quite a benign environment

784
00:41:47,190 --> 00:41:44,880
that's very much like earth so we have

785
00:41:49,270 --> 00:41:47,200
this new understanding now that's what

786
00:41:51,190 --> 00:41:49,280
we found and i want to turn it over my

787
00:41:53,190 --> 00:41:51,200
colleague ken now who can take you back

788
00:41:55,589 --> 00:41:53,200
a little bit to talk about his

789
00:41:57,750 --> 00:41:55,599
experience and early observations of

790
00:41:59,670 --> 00:41:57,760
gail and what it's like to be the

791
00:42:03,109 --> 00:41:59,680
principal investigator on the mission

792
00:42:04,790 --> 00:42:03,119
that's a whole lot of stuff

793
00:42:06,710 --> 00:42:04,800
first of all what it's like to be a

794
00:42:08,710 --> 00:42:06,720
principal investigator i'm just one of

795
00:42:11,430 --> 00:42:08,720
the team there's over 400 people on this

796
00:42:13,829 --> 00:42:11,440
team each one of us represents about 100

797
00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:13,839
plus of them just by sitting here we

798
00:42:17,190 --> 00:42:15,520
love them all and we work with them very

799
00:42:18,470 --> 00:42:17,200
carefully and closely

800
00:42:20,870 --> 00:42:18,480
uh

801
00:42:24,470 --> 00:42:20,880
i we none of us do this by ourselves

802
00:42:26,630 --> 00:42:24,480
this is a group effort and i am always

803
00:42:28,550 --> 00:42:26,640
always learning new things from the

804
00:42:30,230 --> 00:42:28,560
people i work with the people here that

805
00:42:31,990 --> 00:42:30,240
i've worked with it's a very

806
00:42:34,550 --> 00:42:32,000
overwhelming experience

807
00:42:37,190 --> 00:42:34,560
but what we have found is so stunning

808
00:42:38,710 --> 00:42:37,200
because if you asked me a year ago

809
00:42:40,390 --> 00:42:38,720
what are you going to find in the first

810
00:42:42,710 --> 00:42:40,400
year i wouldn't have ever said we're

811
00:42:45,430 --> 00:42:42,720
going to find what we went looking for

812
00:42:47,270 --> 00:42:45,440
we don't know mars that well

813
00:42:50,309 --> 00:42:47,280
we still don't know mars that well so

814
00:42:53,270 --> 00:42:50,319
i'm really still very surprised

815
00:42:56,069 --> 00:42:53,280
long ago if you think of a martian day

816
00:42:58,710 --> 00:42:56,079
as like a 24 hour clock and right now

817
00:43:00,790 --> 00:42:58,720
this moment is just some teeny fraction

818
00:43:01,670 --> 00:43:00,800
micro second before midnight of the next

819
00:43:03,990 --> 00:43:01,680
day

820
00:43:06,710 --> 00:43:04,000
the rocks we're looking at and exploring

821
00:43:10,069 --> 00:43:06,720
in gale are back somewhere around in the

822
00:43:11,990 --> 00:43:10,079
3 a.m to 6 a.m time frame of mars

823
00:43:13,990 --> 00:43:12,000
history so it's a very long time ago

824
00:43:16,630 --> 00:43:14,000
mars was a different place

825
00:43:18,790 --> 00:43:16,640
at that time there were larger craters

826
00:43:20,790 --> 00:43:18,800
forming on mars more frequently than now

827
00:43:23,270 --> 00:43:20,800
and there were volcanoes erupting and

828
00:43:26,230 --> 00:43:23,280
all of those things produce sediment and

829
00:43:28,230 --> 00:43:26,240
the atmosphere was thicker and wind

830
00:43:30,309 --> 00:43:28,240
transports sediment and then we now

831
00:43:32,150 --> 00:43:30,319
think and know from all the missions

832
00:43:33,910 --> 00:43:32,160
over the last 15 years that there was

833
00:43:36,230 --> 00:43:33,920
water there's still water it's frozen

834
00:43:38,550 --> 00:43:36,240
now but there was liquid water the water

835
00:43:40,069 --> 00:43:38,560
not only transports sediment it also

836
00:43:42,150 --> 00:43:40,079
causes rock to break down and

837
00:43:43,430 --> 00:43:42,160
disintegrate into other types of

838
00:43:45,750 --> 00:43:43,440
minerals and chemistries which

839
00:43:49,270 --> 00:43:45,760
precipitate out as other minerals and

840
00:43:52,309 --> 00:43:49,280
we're finding those minerals in gale

841
00:43:54,150 --> 00:43:52,319
gale's a hole in the ground sediments

842
00:43:57,109 --> 00:43:54,160
from this early time with all this stuff

843
00:43:58,790 --> 00:43:57,119
going on piled up in gale um just like

844
00:44:00,790 --> 00:43:58,800
on many other craters on mars there are

845
00:44:02,550 --> 00:44:00,800
craters the size of gale and bigger that

846
00:44:04,230 --> 00:44:02,560
are still buried and we don't even know

847
00:44:05,349 --> 00:44:04,240
the crater exists

848
00:44:08,309 --> 00:44:05,359
gail though

849
00:44:10,470 --> 00:44:08,319
by some magical erosional process has

850
00:44:12,470 --> 00:44:10,480
somewhat exhumed itself and left behind

851
00:44:15,190 --> 00:44:12,480
this remnant this mountain that's three

852
00:44:18,230 --> 00:44:15,200
miles or five kilometers high of layered

853
00:44:19,109 --> 00:44:18,240
sedimentary rock we went there thinking

854
00:44:21,430 --> 00:44:19,119
that

855
00:44:23,030 --> 00:44:21,440
every layer is a page in a history book

856
00:44:25,109 --> 00:44:23,040
and we can

857
00:44:27,510 --> 00:44:25,119
go there and see not only are there

858
00:44:28,950 --> 00:44:27,520
habitable environments recorded in there

859
00:44:31,430 --> 00:44:28,960
but is

860
00:44:33,670 --> 00:44:31,440
how do the environments change over time

861
00:44:35,990 --> 00:44:33,680
as you go up the mountain you will see

862
00:44:36,950 --> 00:44:36,000
the the time getting closer and closer

863
00:44:38,870 --> 00:44:36,960
to now

864
00:44:41,030 --> 00:44:38,880
still a long time ago but it will get

865
00:44:42,390 --> 00:44:41,040
younger and younger so

866
00:44:46,470 --> 00:44:42,400
it's stunning i don't remember what else

867
00:44:51,270 --> 00:44:48,309
we could all go on for a long time yeah

868
00:44:55,349 --> 00:44:51,280
so you you had been looking at gail for

869
00:44:57,270 --> 00:44:55,359
10 years 14 14. yeah and then we wound

870
00:44:59,510 --> 00:44:57,280
up there yeah what were you thinking i

871
00:45:02,069 --> 00:44:59,520
had the incredible privilege 14 years

872
00:45:04,550 --> 00:45:02,079
ago of being able to select targets for

873
00:45:07,030 --> 00:45:04,560
the camera on mars global surveyor

874
00:45:09,270 --> 00:45:07,040
and gale was one of the places that we

875
00:45:10,710 --> 00:45:09,280
stumbled on as holy cow look at this

876
00:45:13,589 --> 00:45:10,720
there are these layered sediments and

877
00:45:16,550 --> 00:45:13,599
then the story i just told evolved to

878
00:45:19,430 --> 00:45:16,560
actually land in one of the pictures you

879
00:45:21,670 --> 00:45:19,440
helped take 14 years ago and then the

880
00:45:23,829 --> 00:45:21,680
camera that you're now responsible for

881
00:45:26,069 --> 00:45:23,839
gets down and right up to the rocks like

882
00:45:27,829 --> 00:45:26,079
that and sees those rocks up that close

883
00:45:31,510 --> 00:45:27,839
after being three four hundred

884
00:45:34,150 --> 00:45:31,520
kilometers up it's just good

885
00:45:35,109 --> 00:45:34,160
the 21st century people

886
00:45:36,390 --> 00:45:35,119
awesome

887
00:45:38,309 --> 00:45:36,400
so bethany

888
00:45:39,550 --> 00:45:38,319
tell us about what it's like in the day

889
00:45:42,630 --> 00:45:39,560
of a rover

890
00:45:44,309 --> 00:45:42,640
468 people all want to go left

891
00:45:46,150 --> 00:45:44,319
some want to go right

892
00:45:47,910 --> 00:45:46,160
how do you how do you wade through this

893
00:45:49,430 --> 00:45:47,920
process what kind of decisions and

894
00:45:51,589 --> 00:45:49,440
what's it like to operate the most

895
00:45:53,829 --> 00:45:51,599
complex vehicle that's ever landed on

896
00:45:55,589 --> 00:45:53,839
another planet yeah well uh well first

897
00:45:57,510 --> 00:45:55,599
of all it's a lot of fun to operate the

898
00:45:58,790 --> 00:45:57,520
most complex vehicle vehicle that's ever

899
00:46:01,589 --> 00:45:58,800
landed on another planet so it's

900
00:46:04,390 --> 00:46:01,599
enormous privilege to you know be

901
00:46:05,430 --> 00:46:04,400
a part of the team but also to be sort

902
00:46:07,190 --> 00:46:05,440
of in

903
00:46:08,790 --> 00:46:07,200
taking on this role in the day-to-day

904
00:46:10,630 --> 00:46:08,800
sense that really is kind of the nexus

905
00:46:12,230 --> 00:46:10,640
between science and engineering and

906
00:46:14,069 --> 00:46:12,240
getting these to work together so

907
00:46:16,710 --> 00:46:14,079
working with the engineers to implement

908
00:46:20,790 --> 00:46:16,720
the science desires in the best possible

909
00:46:22,950 --> 00:46:20,800
way uh utilizing the energy the the data

910
00:46:25,270 --> 00:46:22,960
downlink capacity and all of those other

911
00:46:27,190 --> 00:46:25,280
things that limit what we can do uh any

912
00:46:28,390 --> 00:46:27,200
given day how do we get the best science

913
00:46:30,150 --> 00:46:28,400
done

914
00:46:31,510 --> 00:46:30,160
but uh what's really interesting about

915
00:46:33,030 --> 00:46:31,520
this is before we can get to the

916
00:46:34,790 --> 00:46:33,040
question in the process of implementing

917
00:46:36,309 --> 00:46:34,800
the plan for how to get the best science

918
00:46:38,790 --> 00:46:36,319
done we kind of have to come to

919
00:46:40,829 --> 00:46:38,800
agreement as a team as to well what is

920
00:46:43,750 --> 00:46:40,839
the science that we should be doing

921
00:46:45,910 --> 00:46:43,760
anyway uh so part of this this whole

922
00:46:48,630 --> 00:46:45,920
process of operation is getting you know

923
00:46:50,150 --> 00:46:48,640
400 and something science folks marching

924
00:46:51,430 --> 00:46:50,160
in the same direction or at least the

925
00:46:53,190 --> 00:46:51,440
same general

926
00:46:56,790 --> 00:46:53,200
direction and uh you know that's a

927
00:46:59,030 --> 00:46:56,800
process that that that folks lead both

928
00:47:00,950 --> 00:46:59,040
strategically and tactically so i

929
00:47:03,990 --> 00:47:00,960
remember kind of along the i don't know

930
00:47:06,390 --> 00:47:04,000
maybe it's around the 100th saw on mars

931
00:47:08,710 --> 00:47:06,400
or so maybe a little bit before that

932
00:47:10,790 --> 00:47:08,720
there was a big push with with john and

933
00:47:12,790 --> 00:47:10,800
ashwin and enjoy the members of the

934
00:47:14,790 --> 00:47:12,800
project science group it was like okay

935
00:47:17,349 --> 00:47:14,800
we have this amazing stratigraphy these

936
00:47:18,870 --> 00:47:17,359
layers of rocks before us what is our

937
00:47:20,309 --> 00:47:18,880
strategy like what do we want to

938
00:47:22,069 --> 00:47:20,319
accomplish we all agree that this is

939
00:47:24,550 --> 00:47:22,079
like cool

940
00:47:26,630 --> 00:47:24,560
but what is it we want to do well and

941
00:47:28,790 --> 00:47:26,640
and it was even more profound than that

942
00:47:31,109 --> 00:47:28,800
some people were saying these are lake

943
00:47:33,270 --> 00:47:31,119
sediments other people were saying these

944
00:47:34,870 --> 00:47:33,280
are fluvially transported you know down

945
00:47:36,950 --> 00:47:34,880
from the rim of the crater deposited

946
00:47:39,750 --> 00:47:36,960
chaotically or maybe it's volcanic

947
00:47:41,990 --> 00:47:39,760
sediments or maybe it's air fall

948
00:47:44,309 --> 00:47:42,000
sort of an ash deposit

949
00:47:46,470 --> 00:47:44,319
okay so each each of us scientists comes

950
00:47:48,710 --> 00:47:46,480
in with our our set of hypotheses about

951
00:47:51,109 --> 00:47:48,720
how mars works how these rock units

952
00:47:52,710 --> 00:47:51,119
relate to how mars works so then it's a

953
00:47:55,109 --> 00:47:52,720
process of figuring out okay well how do

954
00:47:56,309 --> 00:47:55,119
we sit down and test these ideas and

955
00:47:57,589 --> 00:47:56,319
that's really one of the amazing things

956
00:47:59,910 --> 00:47:57,599
about working on the science team is

957
00:48:01,670 --> 00:47:59,920
that even if we disagree completely

958
00:48:03,750 --> 00:48:01,680
about how a particular rock unit is

959
00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:03,760
formed we can still come to a consensus

960
00:48:10,150 --> 00:48:06,160
on okay well how is it we test out how

961
00:48:12,230 --> 00:48:10,160
these particular rock units form and if

962
00:48:13,670 --> 00:48:12,240
we sit down and we we have it out you

963
00:48:15,349 --> 00:48:13,680
know during the beginning of the mission

964
00:48:16,870 --> 00:48:15,359
it was every day we'd have science

965
00:48:18,309 --> 00:48:16,880
discussions about what we're thinking

966
00:48:20,069 --> 00:48:18,319
about how we're interpreting this

967
00:48:21,430 --> 00:48:20,079
different unit but what was interesting

968
00:48:23,030 --> 00:48:21,440
is that even if we disagreed

969
00:48:25,349 --> 00:48:23,040
scientifically about how something came

970
00:48:27,510 --> 00:48:25,359
to be we could agree that that place on

971
00:48:29,670 --> 00:48:27,520
mars is important and that is the place

972
00:48:31,270 --> 00:48:29,680
that we need to investigate and so it

973
00:48:33,030 --> 00:48:31,280
all comes down came down from these

974
00:48:34,950 --> 00:48:33,040
strategic decisions for where we need to

975
00:48:37,430 --> 00:48:34,960
go and then day to day sticking on the

976
00:48:39,589 --> 00:48:37,440
plan keeping in mind what is important

977
00:48:41,750 --> 00:48:39,599
to to to reach these high level

978
00:48:43,829 --> 00:48:41,760
objectives to to explore this particular

979
00:48:45,510 --> 00:48:43,839
rock unit then this one then this one

980
00:48:48,790 --> 00:48:45,520
retaining the sequence events in your

981
00:48:50,470 --> 00:48:48,800
head as you plan each day on mars

982
00:48:52,549 --> 00:48:50,480
is there one moment that sticks out in

983
00:48:53,430 --> 00:48:52,559
your mind a science discovery that

984
00:48:56,870 --> 00:48:53,440
you'll

985
00:48:59,349 --> 00:48:56,880
sort of my

986
00:49:01,990 --> 00:48:59,359
my uh my absolute favorite my favorite

987
00:49:05,109 --> 00:49:02,000
set of pictures that that came down uh

988
00:49:06,549 --> 00:49:05,119
from the rover was when uh so we had we

989
00:49:09,349 --> 00:49:06,559
had been working our way down the

990
00:49:11,190 --> 00:49:09,359
stratigraphy into the yellowknife bay

991
00:49:13,750 --> 00:49:11,200
sediments that you mentioned where where

992
00:49:15,829 --> 00:49:13,760
we saw the picture of the drill hole

993
00:49:17,670 --> 00:49:15,839
and for me before the drill what was

994
00:49:19,109 --> 00:49:17,680
most amazing is it was after one of our

995
00:49:21,990 --> 00:49:19,119
drives heading heading down the

996
00:49:24,950 --> 00:49:22,000
depression into yellowknife bay

997
00:49:27,430 --> 00:49:24,960
when the navcam images uh came down that

998
00:49:29,109 --> 00:49:27,440
day onto the computers onto the the

999
00:49:30,870 --> 00:49:29,119
software system that all of us used to

1000
00:49:32,630 --> 00:49:30,880
operate the rovers those pictures had

1001
00:49:34,069 --> 00:49:32,640
these little funny nodules or

1002
00:49:36,069 --> 00:49:34,079
concretions and then you could see these

1003
00:49:38,069 --> 00:49:36,079
light veins heading heading through the

1004
00:49:39,829 --> 00:49:38,079
rock and it was like oh this just got

1005
00:49:41,670 --> 00:49:39,839
real interesting

1006
00:49:43,510 --> 00:49:41,680
in terms of the habitability story in

1007
00:49:44,950 --> 00:49:43,520
terms of the water on mars story so that

1008
00:49:46,470 --> 00:49:44,960
definitely was one of my favorite days

1009
00:49:47,349 --> 00:49:46,480
and favorite images

1010
00:49:50,790 --> 00:49:47,359
great

1011
00:49:52,309 --> 00:49:50,800
so so speaking of of water ashwin as

1012
00:49:54,150 --> 00:49:52,319
atmospheric scientists you've got all

1013
00:49:56,150 --> 00:49:54,160
these geologists and geochemists that

1014
00:49:57,270 --> 00:49:56,160
are you know always wanting to drill and

1015
00:49:58,870 --> 00:49:57,280
sample and do all that but the

1016
00:50:00,150 --> 00:49:58,880
atmosphere is a really important part of

1017
00:50:02,549 --> 00:50:00,160
it we're trying to get at the very

1018
00:50:04,630 --> 00:50:02,559
ancient atmosphere

1019
00:50:06,230 --> 00:50:04,640
we had the discovery of a conglomerate

1020
00:50:08,069 --> 00:50:06,240
we see this evidence for flowing water

1021
00:50:09,589 --> 00:50:08,079
and some people might say well we've

1022
00:50:11,670 --> 00:50:09,599
found evidence for flowing water from

1023
00:50:14,069 --> 00:50:11,680
the surface of mars but it's important

1024
00:50:16,069 --> 00:50:14,079
to confirm it from the surface what goes

1025
00:50:18,069 --> 00:50:16,079
through your mind now wondering because

1026
00:50:19,670 --> 00:50:18,079
it's not like we see some giant gusher

1027
00:50:22,230 --> 00:50:19,680
where it might have catastrophically

1028
00:50:23,510 --> 00:50:22,240
flowed out from mars this seems like the

1029
00:50:25,349 --> 00:50:23,520
climate might have been different then

1030
00:50:26,710 --> 00:50:25,359
what what were you thinking when you saw

1031
00:50:28,950 --> 00:50:26,720
that image

1032
00:50:31,030 --> 00:50:28,960
well as ken said you know mars is an

1033
00:50:32,549 --> 00:50:31,040
extremely different planet today than it

1034
00:50:34,630 --> 00:50:32,559
was in the past that's one of the

1035
00:50:36,470 --> 00:50:34,640
reasons we we go there so often we have

1036
00:50:37,270 --> 00:50:36,480
this idea that mars was a warmer wetter

1037
00:50:38,710 --> 00:50:37,280
place

1038
00:50:40,230 --> 00:50:38,720
may have been more friendly to life and

1039
00:50:42,230 --> 00:50:40,240
may have had an extremely different

1040
00:50:43,910 --> 00:50:42,240
environment back then

1041
00:50:45,589 --> 00:50:43,920
one that was able to support liquid

1042
00:50:46,630 --> 00:50:45,599
water flowing on the surface of course

1043
00:50:48,630 --> 00:50:46,640
we'd seen

1044
00:50:50,470 --> 00:50:48,640
pictures for decades of mars with these

1045
00:50:51,750 --> 00:50:50,480
catastrophic flood channels and river

1046
00:50:54,470 --> 00:50:51,760
systems

1047
00:50:56,069 --> 00:50:54,480
but never had we seen uh you know firm

1048
00:50:57,430 --> 00:50:56,079
evidence of it up close with our own

1049
00:51:01,109 --> 00:50:57,440
eyes and

1050
00:51:03,829 --> 00:51:01,119
about a year and a half ago i was out

1051
00:51:05,510 --> 00:51:03,839
in back of jpl where's the arroyo and

1052
00:51:07,589 --> 00:51:05,520
filming an outreach video about why we

1053
00:51:09,750 --> 00:51:07,599
selected gale as a landing site and

1054
00:51:11,589 --> 00:51:09,760
walking around back there and uh you

1055
00:51:13,109 --> 00:51:11,599
know it was springtime and water was

1056
00:51:15,030 --> 00:51:13,119
coming down the san gabriel mountains

1057
00:51:17,030 --> 00:51:15,040
and forming a little stream through the

1058
00:51:18,790 --> 00:51:17,040
arroyo and carrying debris down from the

1059
00:51:19,990 --> 00:51:18,800
mountains and the stream was full of

1060
00:51:21,430 --> 00:51:20,000
little pebbles

1061
00:51:23,510 --> 00:51:21,440
you know rounded as they made their way

1062
00:51:25,270 --> 00:51:23,520
down the mountains and sand with them

1063
00:51:26,950 --> 00:51:25,280
and we're just sort of you know looking

1064
00:51:28,870 --> 00:51:26,960
around and i told the cameraman as we're

1065
00:51:30,309 --> 00:51:28,880
filming this video if we ever found

1066
00:51:31,349 --> 00:51:30,319
something like this on mars it would be

1067
00:51:33,510 --> 00:51:31,359
a home run

1068
00:51:34,790 --> 00:51:33,520
and and like ken you know i think all of

1069
00:51:36,470 --> 00:51:34,800
us were

1070
00:51:38,549 --> 00:51:36,480
we'd say those things but in our heart

1071
00:51:40,390 --> 00:51:38,559
of hearts you know we we knew it was it

1072
00:51:41,910 --> 00:51:40,400
was a long shot you know it wasn't like

1073
00:51:44,390 --> 00:51:41,920
we took it for granted

1074
00:51:46,150 --> 00:51:44,400
uh and and then you fast forward to

1075
00:51:48,230 --> 00:51:46,160
landing a year ago and

1076
00:51:50,069 --> 00:51:48,240
um you know as as the rover's landing

1077
00:51:52,390 --> 00:51:50,079
it's it's rocket engines are scouring

1078
00:51:55,190 --> 00:51:52,400
away the gravel and the next morning you

1079
00:51:57,829 --> 00:51:55,200
know we we get these pictures from mars

1080
00:51:58,870 --> 00:51:57,839
and and we look in the in the the scour

1081
00:52:00,950 --> 00:51:58,880
mark and

1082
00:52:03,910 --> 00:52:00,960
what do you know it's bedrock a

1083
00:52:06,069 --> 00:52:03,920
conglomerate a rock made up of rounded

1084
00:52:08,309 --> 00:52:06,079
pebbles and sand cemented together you

1085
00:52:10,150 --> 00:52:08,319
know even before curiosity landed she

1086
00:52:12,549 --> 00:52:10,160
had already hit this home run for us and

1087
00:52:14,790 --> 00:52:12,559
and revealed this ancient mars to us

1088
00:52:15,910 --> 00:52:14,800
that we were hoping to find so we drove

1089
00:52:17,829 --> 00:52:15,920
literally

1090
00:52:19,030 --> 00:52:17,839
through a stream bed on mars that flowed

1091
00:52:21,270 --> 00:52:19,040
ankle deep

1092
00:52:23,109 --> 00:52:21,280
you know a few billion years ago that's

1093
00:52:25,270 --> 00:52:23,119
just i'm getting goosebumps just telling

1094
00:52:27,430 --> 00:52:25,280
you about it

1095
00:52:29,109 --> 00:52:27,440
so for me you know my interest is in the

1096
00:52:31,990 --> 00:52:29,119
atmosphere but really of the past

1097
00:52:34,230 --> 00:52:32,000
climate of mars and we knew that even if

1098
00:52:36,870 --> 00:52:34,240
we never found life with this mission we

1099
00:52:38,790 --> 00:52:36,880
would have this incredible uh secondary

1100
00:52:41,510 --> 00:52:38,800
ability with this rover to explore a

1101
00:52:43,109 --> 00:52:41,520
beautiful site that can help find and

1102
00:52:45,109 --> 00:52:43,119
that would tell us about this ancient

1103
00:52:46,230 --> 00:52:45,119
environment of mars that that's that's

1104
00:52:47,750 --> 00:52:46,240
just uh you know we're just

1105
00:52:49,670 --> 00:52:47,760
archaeologists sort of trying to piece

1106
00:52:51,270 --> 00:52:49,680
that together with this rover

1107
00:52:53,990 --> 00:52:51,280
so how would that how is this going to

1108
00:52:56,390 --> 00:52:54,000
feed into uh the maven mission

1109
00:52:58,150 --> 00:52:56,400
yeah that what's exciting is that um

1110
00:52:59,430 --> 00:52:58,160
we're here on the ground uh sort of

1111
00:53:01,030 --> 00:52:59,440
getting this ground truth of what the

1112
00:53:03,030 --> 00:53:01,040
atmosphere and climate would have been

1113
00:53:05,349 --> 00:53:03,040
like billions of years ago

1114
00:53:06,870 --> 00:53:05,359
and it fits into this general theory

1115
00:53:08,790 --> 00:53:06,880
that we have about mars atmosphere that

1116
00:53:11,349 --> 00:53:08,800
it's lost over time and one of the

1117
00:53:13,270 --> 00:53:11,359
primary reasons we think it was lost is

1118
00:53:15,349 --> 00:53:13,280
mars magnetic field went away and

1119
00:53:16,870 --> 00:53:15,359
exposed made mars atmosphere vulnerable

1120
00:53:18,470 --> 00:53:16,880
it's being stripped away by the solar

1121
00:53:20,630 --> 00:53:18,480
wind by the sun

1122
00:53:22,390 --> 00:53:20,640
and so we're sort of seeing that we're

1123
00:53:24,309 --> 00:53:22,400
painting together the story from the

1124
00:53:26,790 --> 00:53:24,319
ground up of how that may have happened

1125
00:53:29,270 --> 00:53:26,800
maven an orbiter will arrive at mars i

1126
00:53:31,270 --> 00:53:29,280
think next year and begin studying the

1127
00:53:33,750 --> 00:53:31,280
atmosphere from the top down watching in

1128
00:53:35,829 --> 00:53:33,760
real time as the sun continues to road

1129
00:53:38,710 --> 00:53:35,839
away the atmosphere and together the two

1130
00:53:40,150 --> 00:53:38,720
missions will help understand early mars

1131
00:53:42,870 --> 00:53:40,160
great thanks guys

1132
00:53:45,030 --> 00:53:42,880
so you know that gives us a view of how

1133
00:53:47,270 --> 00:53:45,040
a curiosity's mission will pass on to

1134
00:53:49,829 --> 00:53:47,280
the to the next mission and i'll just

1135
00:53:52,309 --> 00:53:49,839
finish up with a few words about uh what

1136
00:53:55,349 --> 00:53:52,319
curiosity we'll do now i think the part

1137
00:53:57,829 --> 00:53:55,359
of this as as you've heard all of us

1138
00:53:59,270 --> 00:53:57,839
we really we have these hopes you don't

1139
00:54:01,430 --> 00:53:59,280
know that it's you're really going to

1140
00:54:02,870 --> 00:54:01,440
find this stuff and i think the most

1141
00:54:04,790 --> 00:54:02,880
extraordinary thing

1142
00:54:07,510 --> 00:54:04,800
really is that we found it all so

1143
00:54:08,870 --> 00:54:07,520
quickly and that decision to drive 500

1144
00:54:11,589 --> 00:54:08,880
meters in the opposite direction

1145
00:54:13,670 --> 00:54:11,599
obviously paid off uh very well

1146
00:54:15,910 --> 00:54:13,680
and we haven't even gotten towards our

1147
00:54:17,990 --> 00:54:15,920
prime goal yet we selected gail out of

1148
00:54:20,309 --> 00:54:18,000
the four finalists for one simple reason

1149
00:54:23,030 --> 00:54:20,319
it was a unanimous decision to pick the

1150
00:54:25,270 --> 00:54:23,040
gail site because it's so diverse so by

1151
00:54:27,510 --> 00:54:25,280
driving now to mount sharp we will

1152
00:54:29,430 --> 00:54:27,520
return to our initial objective

1153
00:54:32,069 --> 00:54:29,440
which is to explore these foothills that

1154
00:54:33,829 --> 00:54:32,079
you can see here that are the size think

1155
00:54:36,309 --> 00:54:33,839
about driving around the lab here you've

1156
00:54:38,950 --> 00:54:36,319
got buildings that are sort of one to

1157
00:54:40,390 --> 00:54:38,960
three to five stories tall with narrow

1158
00:54:42,230 --> 00:54:40,400
corridors between them that's this

1159
00:54:44,230 --> 00:54:42,240
terrain that you're looking at there

1160
00:54:45,910 --> 00:54:44,240
that'll that'll be what it's like as we

1161
00:54:48,309 --> 00:54:45,920
get into that terrain it's going to be

1162
00:54:50,230 --> 00:54:48,319
we think visually quite beautiful

1163
00:54:51,750 --> 00:54:50,240
but those layers that you see there we

1164
00:54:53,349 --> 00:54:51,760
know from orbit from the chrism data

1165
00:54:55,349 --> 00:54:53,359
that they have clays we know that

1166
00:54:57,190 --> 00:54:55,359
there's hematite we know that there's

1167
00:54:59,750 --> 00:54:57,200
sulfate so we hope to be able to sample

1168
00:55:01,670 --> 00:54:59,760
a number of what could be

1169
00:55:03,430 --> 00:55:01,680
a different habitable environments and

1170
00:55:05,349 --> 00:55:03,440
maybe revisit some old friends that

1171
00:55:06,390 --> 00:55:05,359
we've seen from previous missions things

1172
00:55:09,109 --> 00:55:06,400
like that

1173
00:55:10,870 --> 00:55:09,119
so we're all really excited uh to carry

1174
00:55:13,109 --> 00:55:10,880
on with the mission we have a long drive

1175
00:55:15,349 --> 00:55:13,119
we think that it could take if we stop

1176
00:55:17,510 --> 00:55:15,359
to smell the roses a little bit it could

1177
00:55:19,109 --> 00:55:17,520
take till the end of the nominal mission

1178
00:55:21,030 --> 00:55:19,119
and we know that nasa is going to back

1179
00:55:22,950 --> 00:55:21,040
us and and so we have confidence that

1180
00:55:25,589 --> 00:55:22,960
we'll continue on with this great

1181
00:55:39,750 --> 00:55:25,599
exploration mission and uh thanks to

1182
00:55:45,829 --> 00:55:43,750
well thank you john ken bethany enoshwin

1183
00:55:47,829 --> 00:55:45,839
you know the public excitement and

1184
00:55:49,829 --> 00:55:47,839
involvement in this mission is something

1185
00:55:52,309 --> 00:55:49,839
that's really touched us all

1186
00:55:55,910 --> 00:55:52,319
and we have a video now that will remind

1187
00:56:06,630 --> 00:55:55,920
us of some of the events which show how

1188
00:56:10,870 --> 00:56:08,549
this big huge parachute that we've got

1189
00:56:12,390 --> 00:56:10,880
it'll only slow us down to about 200

1190
00:56:13,990 --> 00:56:12,400
miles an hour but we've got to cut it

1191
00:56:25,589 --> 00:56:14,000
off

1192
00:56:30,470 --> 00:56:28,470
nation it is a proud day for america our

1193
00:56:32,150 --> 00:56:30,480
flags are flying and we're singing that

1194
00:56:34,069 --> 00:56:32,160
verse of the national anthem of all the

1195
00:56:37,589 --> 00:56:34,079
curse words in this

1196
00:56:41,349 --> 00:56:37,599
because at 1 30 a.m america standard

1197
00:56:46,630 --> 00:56:41,359
time nasa's curiosity rover touched down

1198
00:56:46,640 --> 00:57:04,069
this

1199
00:57:07,670 --> 00:57:05,910
base nerds and gamers

1200
00:57:10,549 --> 00:57:07,680
the space agency has teamed up with

1201
00:57:37,829 --> 00:57:10,559
microsoft to create a mars rover landing

1202
00:57:43,190 --> 00:57:41,190
we are more than proud to honor nasa's

1203
00:57:45,829 --> 00:57:43,200
jet propulsion laboratory as this year's

1204
00:58:29,190 --> 00:57:45,839
webby and people's voice winner for

1205
00:58:29,200 --> 00:58:42,150
and we know it

1206
00:58:46,710 --> 00:58:44,470
if you want to know whether curiosity is

1207
00:58:48,630 --> 00:58:46,720
part of the culture of the world i think

1208
00:58:50,549 --> 00:58:48,640
that pretty much sums it up the answer

1209
00:58:53,109 --> 00:58:50,559
is you bet

1210
00:58:56,870 --> 00:58:53,119
uh you know more people have been

1211
00:58:58,950 --> 00:58:56,880
involved in the stories of curiosity

1212
00:59:02,309 --> 00:58:58,960
than in any mission that we've sent to a

1213
00:59:04,789 --> 00:59:02,319
planet yet and one of the people who has

1214
00:59:06,870 --> 00:59:04,799
played such a critical role in getting

1215
00:59:08,630 --> 00:59:06,880
out to the world the stories of

1216
00:59:10,549 --> 00:59:08,640
curiosity

1217
00:59:14,309 --> 00:59:10,559
is the manager

1218
00:59:15,589 --> 00:59:14,319
of news and social media for jpl

1219
00:59:25,670 --> 00:59:15,599
please welcome

1220
00:59:29,190 --> 00:59:27,270
i have to start off well first let me

1221
00:59:30,069 --> 00:59:29,200
introduce the um the rest of my panel up

1222
00:59:32,069 --> 00:59:30,079
here because we're gonna have a lot of

1223
00:59:33,430 --> 00:59:32,079
fun talking about social media and means

1224
00:59:35,190 --> 00:59:33,440
and everything else i have babak

1225
00:59:37,589 --> 00:59:35,200
ferdowsi of course he was flight

1226
00:59:40,870 --> 00:59:37,599
director on landing knight

1227
00:59:43,190 --> 00:59:40,880
adam steltzner the phase lead for entry

1228
00:59:46,630 --> 00:59:43,200
descent and landing

1229
00:59:48,549 --> 00:59:46,640
and anita sengupta the parachute systems

1230
00:59:49,349 --> 00:59:48,559
engineer for curiosity

1231
00:59:51,030 --> 00:59:49,359
so we're going to have a little

1232
00:59:53,030 --> 00:59:51,040
conversation about social media but i

1233
00:59:55,190 --> 00:59:53,040
want to start out by saying that

1234
00:59:56,069 --> 00:59:55,200
this entire campaign to make this

1235
00:59:58,470 --> 00:59:56,079
mission

1236
01:00:01,190 --> 00:59:58,480
um ingrained in the in the public and in

1237
01:00:02,549 --> 01:00:01,200
popular culture and to engage the public

1238
01:00:04,789 --> 01:00:02,559
and bring them into this mission has

1239
01:00:07,510 --> 01:00:04,799
been an incredible effort across the

1240
01:00:08,789 --> 01:00:07,520
laboratory and it's not just

1241
01:00:10,710 --> 01:00:08,799
my group

1242
01:00:12,549 --> 01:00:10,720
doing news and social media but the

1243
01:00:15,510 --> 01:00:12,559
outreach team public engagement the

1244
01:00:16,870 --> 01:00:15,520
visualization experts the videographers

1245
01:00:19,990 --> 01:00:16,880
and editors

1246
01:00:22,470 --> 01:00:20,000
and working in conjunction with people

1247
01:00:24,390 --> 01:00:22,480
like these and all of you out there

1248
01:00:26,069 --> 01:00:24,400
because you know that for a few years

1249
01:00:29,109 --> 01:00:26,079
before we even landed we were knocking

1250
01:00:30,870 --> 01:00:29,119
on your doors and asking you to help us

1251
01:00:32,710 --> 01:00:30,880
get that word out to the public and you

1252
01:00:36,230 --> 01:00:32,720
all volunteered your time either doing

1253
01:00:39,190 --> 01:00:36,240
talks or doing chats online uh being

1254
01:00:40,630 --> 01:00:39,200
interviewed for our videos and that made

1255
01:00:42,390 --> 01:00:40,640
all the difference in the world it made

1256
01:00:45,349 --> 01:00:42,400
this a success

1257
01:00:47,190 --> 01:00:45,359
so let's talk a little bit about um

1258
01:00:49,430 --> 01:00:47,200
you know we started out we did curiosity

1259
01:00:51,990 --> 01:00:49,440
cam for those who didn't know we were we

1260
01:00:54,789 --> 01:00:52,000
had a camera up in the gallery while the

1261
01:00:57,109 --> 01:00:54,799
rover was being built we had about 4.5

1262
01:00:59,589 --> 01:00:57,119
million views of that camera

1263
01:01:01,270 --> 01:00:59,599
by the time that we shipped out to ksc

1264
01:01:03,109 --> 01:01:01,280
and that we did a public chat every

1265
01:01:04,950 --> 01:01:03,119
single day that we had that camera up

1266
01:01:06,710 --> 01:01:04,960
there every working day at least

1267
01:01:08,549 --> 01:01:06,720
and then i would say the next big hit

1268
01:01:10,230 --> 01:01:08,559
for the public to get even a bigger

1269
01:01:11,750 --> 01:01:10,240
group involved in the mission was seven

1270
01:01:13,910 --> 01:01:11,760
minutes of terror

1271
01:01:15,829 --> 01:01:13,920
adam anita you two were in seven minutes

1272
01:01:18,630 --> 01:01:15,839
of terror what did you think about the

1273
01:01:20,230 --> 01:01:18,640
impact that video had

1274
01:01:22,630 --> 01:01:20,240
i had a major impact and i think had an

1275
01:01:24,069 --> 01:01:22,640
impact on school children especially so

1276
01:01:25,750 --> 01:01:24,079
i have a lot of educators who are my

1277
01:01:27,190 --> 01:01:25,760
friends who ended up showing that video

1278
01:01:29,349 --> 01:01:27,200
to their school children and made them

1279
01:01:31,349 --> 01:01:29,359
all want to be engineers and scientists

1280
01:01:33,270 --> 01:01:31,359
and are incredibly interested in mars

1281
01:01:35,190 --> 01:01:33,280
exploration so

1282
01:01:36,950 --> 01:01:35,200
yeah i was i was surprised i can

1283
01:01:39,270 --> 01:01:36,960
remember when

1284
01:01:41,750 --> 01:01:39,280
when uh john was putting the video

1285
01:01:43,910 --> 01:01:41,760
together and it i didn't have any i sent

1286
01:01:44,950 --> 01:01:43,920
sense that it would

1287
01:01:46,069 --> 01:01:44,960
end up

1288
01:01:48,309 --> 01:01:46,079
hitting

1289
01:01:50,069 --> 01:01:48,319
a nerve like it did

1290
01:01:51,829 --> 01:01:50,079
and uh

1291
01:01:53,750 --> 01:01:51,839
and you know forever people are just

1292
01:01:55,750 --> 01:01:53,760
always mentioning the seven minutes of

1293
01:01:57,589 --> 01:01:55,760
terror in fact people were tweeting

1294
01:02:00,390 --> 01:01:57,599
thanks for the terror

1295
01:02:03,349 --> 01:02:00,400
hashtag thanks for terror

1296
01:02:05,270 --> 01:02:03,359
so that's been phenomenal yeah and it

1297
01:02:06,870 --> 01:02:05,280
taught all of us a lot as well and i

1298
01:02:07,990 --> 01:02:06,880
have even heard people here at jpl

1299
01:02:10,630 --> 01:02:08,000
saying they weren't afraid until they

1300
01:02:14,950 --> 01:02:12,470
because all of a sudden you saw it all

1301
01:02:17,270 --> 01:02:14,960
there um every little movement that had

1302
01:02:19,670 --> 01:02:17,280
the river had to take to avoid

1303
01:02:22,470 --> 01:02:19,680
catastrophe it was really exciting now

1304
01:02:25,030 --> 01:02:22,480
the next thing um that we did to engage

1305
01:02:27,349 --> 01:02:25,040
the public in this mission was tweetups

1306
01:02:29,670 --> 01:02:27,359
or nasa socials we did one at launch and

1307
01:02:32,230 --> 01:02:29,680
we did one at landing we had invited

1308
01:02:34,470 --> 01:02:32,240
members of the public to come in here at

1309
01:02:37,109 --> 01:02:34,480
jpl and also at other nasa centers

1310
01:02:39,670 --> 01:02:37,119
across the country for

1311
01:02:41,910 --> 01:02:39,680
an opportunity to interact directly with

1312
01:02:45,109 --> 01:02:41,920
the mission team members and to get a

1313
01:02:46,950 --> 01:02:45,119
tour and go see the mars yard and go see

1314
01:02:49,270 --> 01:02:46,960
the mission control areas it was really

1315
01:02:52,230 --> 01:02:49,280
exciting and you two also spoke at that

1316
01:02:54,549 --> 01:02:52,240
did you um sense also there that uh that

1317
01:02:56,309 --> 01:02:54,559
was making a difference

1318
01:02:57,990 --> 01:02:56,319
oh the tweet of itself oh it was

1319
01:02:59,190 --> 01:02:58,000
incredible yeah i mean the outpouring of

1320
01:03:00,870 --> 01:02:59,200
support we got from the public by our

1321
01:03:02,309 --> 01:03:00,880
twitter i mean it's it's immediate it

1322
01:03:04,470 --> 01:03:02,319
happens within a few seconds of every

1323
01:03:06,470 --> 01:03:04,480
single tweet that goes out but um i've

1324
01:03:07,829 --> 01:03:06,480
had wonderful experiences interacting

1325
01:03:09,109 --> 01:03:07,839
with people from around the country and

1326
01:03:11,109 --> 01:03:09,119
actually around the world because of

1327
01:03:13,109 --> 01:03:11,119
twitter and so i've been able to

1328
01:03:15,349 --> 01:03:13,119
interact with a lot of school children a

1329
01:03:16,950 --> 01:03:15,359
lot of teachers a lot of universities as

1330
01:03:18,150 --> 01:03:16,960
a result of twitter so it was a really

1331
01:03:21,349 --> 01:03:18,160
major impact

1332
01:03:23,589 --> 01:03:21,359
and you um again you were the parachute

1333
01:03:26,470 --> 01:03:23,599
uh systems engineer lead on this we have

1334
01:03:29,109 --> 01:03:26,480
a picture of you doing one of your tests

1335
01:03:31,029 --> 01:03:29,119
out there in the field

1336
01:03:34,309 --> 01:03:31,039
and i can imagine also that that mro

1337
01:03:35,829 --> 01:03:34,319
picture uh that was taken just after or

1338
01:03:37,109 --> 01:03:35,839
taken during landing and release just

1339
01:03:39,990 --> 01:03:37,119
after must have

1340
01:03:41,750 --> 01:03:40,000
had a huge uh impact on on on you just

1341
01:03:44,309 --> 01:03:41,760
seeing that for all of you in fact to

1342
01:03:46,470 --> 01:03:44,319
see that picture come down that night

1343
01:03:47,829 --> 01:03:46,480
but back during the tweet up i remember

1344
01:03:49,349 --> 01:03:47,839
there was a gentleman who asked you a

1345
01:03:51,589 --> 01:03:49,359
question and that kind of set a lot of

1346
01:03:53,750 --> 01:03:51,599
things into motion explain what happened

1347
01:03:55,190 --> 01:03:53,760
oh he had asked how can we get more

1348
01:03:56,789 --> 01:03:55,200
girls involved in engineering and

1349
01:03:58,069 --> 01:03:56,799
science and specifically his daughter he

1350
01:03:59,829 --> 01:03:58,079
wanted to know how that we can do that

1351
01:04:00,950 --> 01:03:59,839
and so as a result a lot of people kind

1352
01:04:02,630 --> 01:04:00,960
of picked up on that and there were

1353
01:04:04,630 --> 01:04:02,640
certain people actually in st louis

1354
01:04:06,309 --> 01:04:04,640
missouri who picked up on that who then

1355
01:04:08,309 --> 01:04:06,319
um had a whole bunch of events that they

1356
01:04:10,630 --> 01:04:08,319
scheduled to support mars exploration

1357
01:04:12,870 --> 01:04:10,640
and curiosity as a result of that so and

1358
01:04:13,910 --> 01:04:12,880
i and now in my spare time i actually do

1359
01:04:15,349 --> 01:04:13,920
a lot of educational outreach

1360
01:04:17,270 --> 01:04:15,359
specifically talking about how to get

1361
01:04:18,789 --> 01:04:17,280
more science and women and girls

1362
01:04:20,470 --> 01:04:18,799
involved in engineering

1363
01:04:22,710 --> 01:04:20,480
we're showing a picture right now of uh

1364
01:04:24,630 --> 01:04:22,720
some of the women uh you've spoken to

1365
01:04:26,549 --> 01:04:24,640
remember what this group was uh

1366
01:04:27,990 --> 01:04:26,559
this was in boston um so i went out to

1367
01:04:29,349 --> 01:04:28,000
boston which is where i went and did my

1368
01:04:30,870 --> 01:04:29,359
undergraduate degree so i went and met

1369
01:04:32,630 --> 01:04:30,880
with all of the engineering students at

1370
01:04:34,230 --> 01:04:32,640
boston university and specifically um

1371
01:04:35,349 --> 01:04:34,240
the engineering um

1372
01:04:36,549 --> 01:04:35,359
female engineering students at boston

1373
01:04:37,829 --> 01:04:36,559
university an opportunity to go to the

1374
01:04:39,750 --> 01:04:37,839
museum of science and talk about

1375
01:04:41,349 --> 01:04:39,760
curiosity and i do a lot of stuff in the

1376
01:04:42,789 --> 01:04:41,359
local la area as well specifically

1377
01:04:44,470 --> 01:04:42,799
talking about how to get more girls

1378
01:04:46,630 --> 01:04:44,480
involved in science and engineering yeah

1379
01:04:47,910 --> 01:04:46,640
something we really need yes

1380
01:04:50,309 --> 01:04:47,920
adam what about you at the tweet up i

1381
01:04:52,150 --> 01:04:50,319
remember you announced uh you were

1382
01:04:55,190 --> 01:04:52,160
starting your twitter again that was my

1383
01:04:56,710 --> 01:04:55,200
first tweet was at the tweet up

1384
01:04:58,150 --> 01:04:56,720
trisha my wife

1385
01:05:00,069 --> 01:04:58,160
strongly recommended that i get a

1386
01:05:01,510 --> 01:05:00,079
twitter account before i went go to the

1387
01:05:03,029 --> 01:05:01,520
tweet up i did

1388
01:05:06,470 --> 01:05:03,039
and

1389
01:05:08,549 --> 01:05:06,480
by

1390
01:05:09,750 --> 01:05:08,559
the following monday i had 8 000

1391
01:05:11,029 --> 01:05:09,760
followers

1392
01:05:13,589 --> 01:05:11,039
of course

1393
01:05:15,910 --> 01:05:13,599
nothing compares

1394
01:05:17,829 --> 01:05:15,920
we're going to get product to to the

1395
01:05:20,069 --> 01:05:17,839
followers that some of us have picked up

1396
01:05:22,230 --> 01:05:20,079
but um

1397
01:05:23,510 --> 01:05:22,240
i was kind of amazed you know it's an

1398
01:05:24,549 --> 01:05:23,520
interesting uh it's actually very

1399
01:05:26,470 --> 01:05:24,559
interesting

1400
01:05:28,309 --> 01:05:26,480
uh communication format the restriction

1401
01:05:30,470 --> 01:05:28,319
of the 140 characters is a little bit

1402
01:05:32,309 --> 01:05:30,480
like a haiku or something you sort of

1403
01:05:33,829 --> 01:05:32,319
condense it into uh

1404
01:05:37,029 --> 01:05:33,839
into a small amount of

1405
01:05:40,069 --> 01:05:37,039
uh of stuff and it's been very

1406
01:05:41,670 --> 01:05:40,079
fun for me to interact with uh with

1407
01:05:43,750 --> 01:05:41,680
a sort of a wide

1408
01:05:46,309 --> 01:05:43,760
variety of folks around the nation and

1409
01:05:49,270 --> 01:05:46,319
actually the world all via this uh small

1410
01:05:51,589 --> 01:05:49,280
little portal it's fun

1411
01:05:52,710 --> 01:05:51,599
so um since then

1412
01:05:55,910 --> 01:05:52,720
tell me a little bit more about your

1413
01:05:57,109 --> 01:05:55,920
role getting word out um since landing i

1414
01:06:01,829 --> 01:05:57,119
know you've actually done i've been

1415
01:06:07,750 --> 01:06:04,549
you know as you see some faces

1416
01:06:09,510 --> 01:06:07,760
sort of there's a big like it's

1417
01:06:10,870 --> 01:06:09,520
you know the lottery bowl where they've

1418
01:06:12,230 --> 01:06:10,880
got a whole bunch of numbers and a

1419
01:06:14,549 --> 01:06:12,240
couple of the ping pong balls with the

1420
01:06:17,510 --> 01:06:14,559
numbers come rolling out well some of

1421
01:06:18,470 --> 01:06:17,520
the faces come rolling out of the random

1422
01:06:21,750 --> 01:06:18,480
you know

1423
01:06:23,829 --> 01:06:21,760
societal interest been and

1424
01:06:25,270 --> 01:06:23,839
and all of a sudden you're exposed to a

1425
01:06:27,029 --> 01:06:25,280
lot of folks a lot of people are looking

1426
01:06:29,029 --> 01:06:27,039
to you for for

1427
01:06:30,789 --> 01:06:29,039
for input about what this means what

1428
01:06:33,190 --> 01:06:30,799
this means for society

1429
01:06:34,870 --> 01:06:33,200
and uh it's been

1430
01:06:35,670 --> 01:06:34,880
very stimulating

1431
01:06:37,750 --> 01:06:35,680
um

1432
01:06:38,710 --> 01:06:37,760
sometimes a bit exhausting

1433
01:06:42,870 --> 01:06:38,720
but

1434
01:06:44,870 --> 01:06:42,880
uh very moving for me uh to see how how

1435
01:06:48,950 --> 01:06:44,880
the curiosity has impacted

1436
01:06:52,390 --> 01:06:48,960
uh our society

1437
01:06:55,029 --> 01:06:52,400
let's talk about you babic

1438
01:06:57,430 --> 01:06:55,039
you were the internet's choice i would

1439
01:06:59,510 --> 01:06:57,440
say and if we had voted a person most

1440
01:07:01,910 --> 01:06:59,520
likely to become a meme before landing

1441
01:07:04,710 --> 01:07:01,920
we might have selected you only we were

1442
01:07:06,870 --> 01:07:04,720
a little bit used to your hairstyle

1443
01:07:09,670 --> 01:07:06,880
but uh i went back and

1444
01:07:11,190 --> 01:07:09,680
you know pictures of you in mission

1445
01:07:13,190 --> 01:07:11,200
control were

1446
01:07:16,150 --> 01:07:13,200
on the internet and circulating a couple

1447
01:07:17,109 --> 01:07:16,160
of hours before we even landed

1448
01:07:19,270 --> 01:07:17,119
did you

1449
01:07:21,510 --> 01:07:19,280
notice anything going on was your phone

1450
01:07:22,789 --> 01:07:21,520
going crazy i got a few texts from

1451
01:07:24,470 --> 01:07:22,799
friends saying hey there's like this

1452
01:07:27,190 --> 01:07:24,480
article about your hair

1453
01:07:30,150 --> 01:07:28,549
but i don't think i really fully

1454
01:07:31,510 --> 01:07:30,160
understood uh what was going on until

1455
01:07:32,549 --> 01:07:31,520
the following i got to point out one

1456
01:07:34,150 --> 01:07:32,559
correction though i was not flight

1457
01:07:35,190 --> 01:07:34,160
director on landing night keith come

1458
01:07:36,710 --> 01:07:35,200
over there

1459
01:07:37,829 --> 01:07:36,720
that gentleman uh keith i don't know if

1460
01:07:53,510 --> 01:07:37,839
you mind standing up and maybe

1461
01:07:57,190 --> 01:07:56,150
uh he did a great job of uh

1462
01:07:59,190 --> 01:07:57,200
controlling the room that night and

1463
01:08:01,270 --> 01:07:59,200
making sure that uh we had adequate time

1464
01:08:03,190 --> 01:08:01,280
to go to the bathroom yeah also also

1465
01:08:05,589 --> 01:08:03,200
getting our jobs on yeah

1466
01:08:07,190 --> 01:08:05,599
um but no so i just you know it was yeah

1467
01:08:09,270 --> 01:08:07,200
it was the next morning when i woke up

1468
01:08:11,670 --> 01:08:09,280
and i you know did the morning routine

1469
01:08:13,750 --> 01:08:11,680
of checking my email and everything else

1470
01:08:14,950 --> 01:08:13,760
and realized my gmail just had thousands

1471
01:08:15,990 --> 01:08:14,960
of messages because i had never turned

1472
01:08:17,349 --> 01:08:16,000
off the future or twitter says hey you

1473
01:08:18,870 --> 01:08:17,359
have a new follower

1474
01:08:20,630 --> 01:08:18,880
um

1475
01:08:22,789 --> 01:08:20,640
because i had like 50 followers before

1476
01:08:24,550 --> 01:08:22,799
you know or maybe like 100 before the

1477
01:08:26,550 --> 01:08:24,560
the night of landing

1478
01:08:29,430 --> 01:08:26,560
little did i realize what was going on

1479
01:08:33,430 --> 01:08:31,189
and what was really interesting about

1480
01:08:35,189 --> 01:08:33,440
that though is uh the doors that that

1481
01:08:37,430 --> 01:08:35,199
opened for you now to become an

1482
01:08:39,189 --> 01:08:37,440
ambassador for the mission

1483
01:08:40,870 --> 01:08:39,199
and to go out and talk to a lot of

1484
01:08:41,829 --> 01:08:40,880
different groups be invited to a lot of

1485
01:08:44,390 --> 01:08:41,839
different

1486
01:08:46,390 --> 01:08:44,400
events like the national science fair

1487
01:08:48,229 --> 01:08:46,400
where you're doing a lot of work now

1488
01:08:49,990 --> 01:08:48,239
really encouraging and supporting

1489
01:08:52,149 --> 01:08:50,000
students to get involved in in

1490
01:08:54,309 --> 01:08:52,159
engineering and science tell us about

1491
01:08:55,510 --> 01:08:54,319
some of the great events you've done

1492
01:08:56,550 --> 01:08:55,520
yeah i mean it's been an incredible

1493
01:08:58,950 --> 01:08:56,560
experience and i think one of the

1494
01:08:59,910 --> 01:08:58,960
amazing things for me is just kind of

1495
01:09:01,510 --> 01:08:59,920
showing

1496
01:09:05,669 --> 01:09:01,520
kids and people that you can look

1497
01:09:08,709 --> 01:09:07,590
or scientists and so this is this is a

1498
01:09:10,149 --> 01:09:08,719
picture of me it's mckinley it's

1499
01:09:11,269 --> 01:09:10,159
actually a local school here in pasadena

1500
01:09:12,470 --> 01:09:11,279
but it was just a kind of incredible

1501
01:09:14,709 --> 01:09:12,480
experience they built this whole lego

1502
01:09:16,070 --> 01:09:14,719
model of missions to mars and everything

1503
01:09:17,669 --> 01:09:16,080
and it's really cool to see it they have

1504
01:09:18,789 --> 01:09:17,679
their own little curiosity like road

1505
01:09:21,189 --> 01:09:18,799
where they can drive around and things

1506
01:09:22,950 --> 01:09:21,199
like that um i've just yeah it's been

1507
01:09:24,309 --> 01:09:22,960
such a wonderful experience going out

1508
01:09:25,510 --> 01:09:24,319
there talking to kids seeing the

1509
01:09:27,269 --> 01:09:25,520
excitement they have and i think kids

1510
01:09:28,390 --> 01:09:27,279
are all like really naturally super

1511
01:09:30,390 --> 01:09:28,400
excited but they just don't have

1512
01:09:32,070 --> 01:09:30,400
something to latch onto always

1513
01:09:33,590 --> 01:09:32,080
so it's been it's been you know just

1514
01:09:35,510 --> 01:09:33,600
awesome for me to feel like i can

1515
01:09:36,870 --> 01:09:35,520
actually contribute that and uh you know

1516
01:09:38,149 --> 01:09:36,880
every once in a while some parent will

1517
01:09:39,590 --> 01:09:38,159
like tweet me or send me a picture of

1518
01:09:41,990 --> 01:09:39,600
their kid with a mohawk or tell me that

1519
01:09:43,590 --> 01:09:42,000
the kid wants to get a mohawk yes i

1520
01:09:45,430 --> 01:09:43,600
didn't

1521
01:09:47,269 --> 01:09:45,440
i hope i'm not a bad influence guys i'm

1522
01:09:49,829 --> 01:09:47,279
trying yeah

1523
01:09:51,590 --> 01:09:49,839
um do you all feel that this public

1524
01:09:54,149 --> 01:09:51,600
interest and involvement is still as

1525
01:09:56,470 --> 01:09:54,159
strong today as it was back on landing

1526
01:09:59,750 --> 01:09:56,480
night i'm kind of amazed at the staying

1527
01:10:01,590 --> 01:09:59,760
power i can remember i worked on mer and

1528
01:10:04,790 --> 01:10:01,600
i can remember that we were

1529
01:10:07,270 --> 01:10:04,800
top on cnn's you know things going on

1530
01:10:09,350 --> 01:10:07,280
list for about 36 hours

1531
01:10:11,750 --> 01:10:09,360
and then britney spears got out of a

1532
01:10:13,590 --> 01:10:11,760
limousine wearing an unusual set of

1533
01:10:14,550 --> 01:10:13,600
clothing or not wearing an usual set of

1534
01:10:16,950 --> 01:10:14,560
clothing

1535
01:10:17,990 --> 01:10:16,960
and all of a sudden we were no longer on

1536
01:10:20,709 --> 01:10:18,000
the top

1537
01:10:23,430 --> 01:10:20,719
things to to track and i

1538
01:10:25,910 --> 01:10:23,440
i've i've wondered about that a bit

1539
01:10:31,669 --> 01:10:28,390
maybe that came out wrong

1540
01:10:33,350 --> 01:10:31,679
but that uh i think it really is social

1541
01:10:35,189 --> 01:10:33,360
media you know

1542
01:10:36,470 --> 01:10:35,199
nightly news has four or five things

1543
01:10:38,149 --> 01:10:36,480
they're going to tell you

1544
01:10:39,669 --> 01:10:38,159
and if you're number six

1545
01:10:41,270 --> 01:10:39,679
you didn't happen

1546
01:10:42,709 --> 01:10:41,280
and so

1547
01:10:45,669 --> 01:10:42,719
i'm

1548
01:10:48,470 --> 01:10:45,679
constantly amazed that we

1549
01:10:49,669 --> 01:10:48,480
are out there still sticking i'm still

1550
01:10:52,950 --> 01:10:49,679
having people

1551
01:10:55,110 --> 01:10:52,960
tweet me and and and follow me and

1552
01:10:57,030 --> 01:10:55,120
uh and show up when i talk

1553
01:11:00,070 --> 01:10:57,040
i think that there's a

1554
01:11:01,350 --> 01:11:00,080
a lot of interest out there and and i

1555
01:11:03,510 --> 01:11:01,360
think social media's had a lot to do

1556
01:11:05,110 --> 01:11:03,520
with it i agree well since we are

1557
01:11:06,790 --> 01:11:05,120
talking about social media we did put

1558
01:11:08,229 --> 01:11:06,800
out the question on twitter a few days

1559
01:11:09,430 --> 01:11:08,239
ago asking people to send us some

1560
01:11:10,870 --> 01:11:09,440
questions because we're going to talk

1561
01:11:13,030 --> 01:11:10,880
about social media we might as well do

1562
01:11:17,270 --> 01:11:13,040
it right

1563
01:11:23,110 --> 01:11:19,750
uh i know dr astra which is anita's

1564
01:11:24,709 --> 01:11:23,120
handle on twitter is doing iss research

1565
01:11:26,630 --> 01:11:24,719
or you're working on something that will

1566
01:11:28,229 --> 01:11:26,640
be going to the iss soon and they ask

1567
01:11:29,669 --> 01:11:28,239
what what is everyone else up to so

1568
01:11:31,910 --> 01:11:29,679
really fast tell us what you're doing

1569
01:11:33,110 --> 01:11:31,920
now so i'm a project manager for a

1570
01:11:34,630 --> 01:11:33,120
payload that we're delivering to the

1571
01:11:35,910 --> 01:11:34,640
international space station called the

1572
01:11:38,310 --> 01:11:35,920
cold adam laboratory and it's going to

1573
01:11:40,950 --> 01:11:38,320
demonstrate laser cooling in space

1574
01:11:42,630 --> 01:11:40,960
and form an ultra-cold quantum gas

1575
01:11:44,470 --> 01:11:42,640
oh and let me just say that so spouse

1576
01:11:46,070 --> 01:11:44,480
monkey i met by a twitter and so last

1577
01:11:47,830 --> 01:11:46,080
time i was in houston we actually met up

1578
01:11:50,070 --> 01:11:47,840
in the flush and had pizza and beer

1579
01:11:51,910 --> 01:11:50,080
together

1580
01:11:54,070 --> 01:11:51,920
that's great adam

1581
01:11:57,669 --> 01:11:54,080
i'm doing a variety of trying to help

1582
01:12:00,550 --> 01:11:57,679
out with edl related stuff and uh and

1583
01:12:04,550 --> 01:12:00,560
and thinking about how we might collect

1584
01:12:06,390 --> 01:12:04,560
samples uh for eventual return to earth

1585
01:12:09,030 --> 01:12:06,400
in our next expedition to the surface of

1586
01:12:10,550 --> 01:12:09,040
mars all right mabak i still i'm very

1587
01:12:12,229 --> 01:12:10,560
fortunate to work with a group of people

1588
01:12:13,189 --> 01:12:12,239
who you know operate this this rover on

1589
01:12:14,470 --> 01:12:13,199
mars and

1590
01:12:16,070 --> 01:12:14,480
and uh you know the science team

1591
01:12:17,990 --> 01:12:16,080
everybody has been great about keeping

1592
01:12:19,430 --> 01:12:18,000
us in the loop and learning all the the

1593
01:12:20,550 --> 01:12:19,440
science i don't think i had a real

1594
01:12:21,910 --> 01:12:20,560
appreciation of everything that was

1595
01:12:22,870 --> 01:12:21,920
going to happen on this mission until we

1596
01:12:24,790 --> 01:12:22,880
actually went and they started

1597
01:12:27,590 --> 01:12:24,800
explaining it to us and it's been an

1598
01:12:30,630 --> 01:12:27,600
amazing experience just learning

1599
01:12:32,870 --> 01:12:30,640
actual actual science

1600
01:12:37,030 --> 01:12:32,880
uh let's see

1601
01:12:39,430 --> 01:12:37,040
at poker face 36 0 25 s or chris sheldon

1602
01:12:41,510 --> 01:12:39,440
taylor he asks what is each person's

1603
01:12:44,070 --> 01:12:41,520
favorite picture sent back to earth and

1604
01:12:45,590 --> 01:12:44,080
why oh

1605
01:12:48,470 --> 01:12:45,600
mine's obvious it's the parachute from

1606
01:12:50,630 --> 01:12:48,480
landing night that means it worked

1607
01:12:52,950 --> 01:12:50,640
so that was a relief

1608
01:12:55,910 --> 01:12:52,960
but mine is the very first image the

1609
01:12:57,830 --> 01:12:55,920
rear has cam image that we took back uh

1610
01:12:59,030 --> 01:12:57,840
uh while we were still on the had the

1611
01:13:01,990 --> 01:12:59,040
odyssey link

1612
01:13:03,750 --> 01:13:02,000
the first image of a new place on mars

1613
01:13:05,189 --> 01:13:03,760
i mean i kind of i agree that that

1614
01:13:06,550 --> 01:13:05,199
picture is amazing and that was you know

1615
01:13:07,669 --> 01:13:06,560
the pictures like that from pathfinder

1616
01:13:10,070 --> 01:13:07,679
was some of the reasons why i worked

1617
01:13:11,910 --> 01:13:10,080
here today um i think my favorite

1618
01:13:14,229 --> 01:13:11,920
picture is actually the the

1619
01:13:15,590 --> 01:13:14,239
zoom uh mass cam image of

1620
01:13:17,110 --> 01:13:15,600
the foothills of mount shop and just

1621
01:13:18,790 --> 01:13:17,120
seeing that i mean the incredible

1622
01:13:20,149 --> 01:13:18,800
analogy in my head like that looks like

1623
01:13:21,350 --> 01:13:20,159
the grand canyon that looks like a place

1624
01:13:23,030 --> 01:13:21,360
that i could see here on earth and that

1625
01:13:24,950 --> 01:13:23,040
makes it so much more kind of

1626
01:13:26,070 --> 01:13:24,960
interesting to me i guess like now i can

1627
01:13:27,510 --> 01:13:26,080
start seeing

1628
01:13:29,189 --> 01:13:27,520
you know why it's so exciting that we're

1629
01:13:30,229 --> 01:13:29,199
there

1630
01:13:32,149 --> 01:13:30,239
and you'll probably be able to answer

1631
01:13:35,270 --> 01:13:32,159
this one as well it is what has been the

1632
01:13:36,790 --> 01:13:35,280
most challenging of mars curiosity's

1633
01:13:38,870 --> 01:13:36,800
assignments during its first year on

1634
01:13:41,189 --> 01:13:38,880
mars and since you're still working on

1635
01:13:43,910 --> 01:13:41,199
the team i guess jessica's story earlier

1636
01:13:46,390 --> 01:13:43,920
of the challenge around saw 200 of our

1637
01:13:48,790 --> 01:13:46,400
our computer anomaly was probably one of

1638
01:13:50,310 --> 01:13:48,800
the more exciting and scary things but

1639
01:13:51,350 --> 01:13:50,320
you know we've done a lot of

1640
01:13:52,390 --> 01:13:51,360
we've been fortunate that we've been

1641
01:13:53,669 --> 01:13:52,400
able to do a lot of homework and getting

1642
01:13:55,510 --> 01:13:53,679
ready for the other things like the

1643
01:13:56,630 --> 01:13:55,520
first drill was a tremendous effort from

1644
01:13:58,310 --> 01:13:56,640
the whole team

1645
01:13:59,830 --> 01:13:58,320
um and obviously a lot of effort went

1646
01:14:01,430 --> 01:13:59,840
and worked went into that but i yeah i

1647
01:14:02,390 --> 01:14:01,440
would say that the biggest challenge has

1648
01:14:04,470 --> 01:14:02,400
probably been recovering from that

1649
01:14:06,390 --> 01:14:04,480
there's some folks right over there who

1650
01:14:08,390 --> 01:14:06,400
who are a big part of that

1651
01:14:09,590 --> 01:14:08,400
all right um so we've talked about

1652
01:14:11,750 --> 01:14:09,600
social media definitely has had this

1653
01:14:12,870 --> 01:14:11,760
huge impact with getting our word out

1654
01:14:14,870 --> 01:14:12,880
and not just getting your word out to

1655
01:14:16,310 --> 01:14:14,880
the public but to get them back in and

1656
01:14:18,630 --> 01:14:16,320
get them involved and feel like they can

1657
01:14:19,750 --> 01:14:18,640
hold these conversations but adam why do

1658
01:14:21,669 --> 01:14:19,760
you think

1659
01:14:24,070 --> 01:14:21,679
what's what struck the chord why did

1660
01:14:26,070 --> 01:14:24,080
people start following

1661
01:14:27,750 --> 01:14:26,080
yeah that's a great question i i've been

1662
01:14:29,910 --> 01:14:27,760
actually asking that a lot of myself

1663
01:14:32,149 --> 01:14:29,920
even prior to landing i was asking this

1664
01:14:33,830 --> 01:14:32,159
question of why we do what we're doing

1665
01:14:35,430 --> 01:14:33,840
and why it might make

1666
01:14:37,350 --> 01:14:35,440
might be important for us

1667
01:14:39,030 --> 01:14:37,360
um

1668
01:14:41,110 --> 01:14:39,040
i you know

1669
01:14:43,669 --> 01:14:41,120
earlier in the videos you saw an image

1670
01:14:45,990 --> 01:14:43,679
of of times square at 1 30 in the

1671
01:14:49,270 --> 01:14:46,000
morning on on monday

1672
01:14:51,350 --> 01:14:49,280
with thousands of people waiting to land

1673
01:14:52,709 --> 01:14:51,360
waiting to see if we could successfully

1674
01:14:55,270 --> 01:14:52,719
land

1675
01:14:56,870 --> 01:14:55,280
and although we go there for the science

1676
01:14:58,790 --> 01:14:56,880
questions i don't think they were there

1677
01:15:00,709 --> 01:14:58,800
at 1 30 in the morning because they're

1678
01:15:02,790 --> 01:15:00,719
dying to know about the ph and salinity

1679
01:15:04,390 --> 01:15:02,800
of the ancient aqueous environment on

1680
01:15:06,390 --> 01:15:04,400
the surface of mars

1681
01:15:08,550 --> 01:15:06,400
they're they're there maybe for that but

1682
01:15:11,910 --> 01:15:08,560
for more

1683
01:15:14,550 --> 01:15:11,920
i think when we explore we're kind of

1684
01:15:18,310 --> 01:15:14,560
asking questions about ourselves as

1685
01:15:19,270 --> 01:15:18,320
individuals and as a society as a people

1686
01:15:21,830 --> 01:15:19,280
um

1687
01:15:23,910 --> 01:15:21,840
a neil armstrong i think hinted at that

1688
01:15:26,149 --> 01:15:23,920
with the words that he chose to say when

1689
01:15:28,950 --> 01:15:26,159
he was going to set foot on the surface

1690
01:15:30,070 --> 01:15:28,960
of the moon which was one small step for

1691
01:15:32,709 --> 01:15:30,080
a man

1692
01:15:35,189 --> 01:15:32,719
one giant leap for mankind what he was

1693
01:15:37,590 --> 01:15:35,199
hinting at was that he was carrying us

1694
01:15:40,149 --> 01:15:37,600
with him in that exploration

1695
01:15:41,030 --> 01:15:40,159
i think curiosity carries us with

1696
01:15:43,430 --> 01:15:41,040
her

1697
01:15:47,030 --> 01:15:43,440
when she's on the surface of mars

1698
01:15:49,990 --> 01:15:47,040
and so she helps us ask questions about

1699
01:15:51,990 --> 01:15:50,000
who we are how grand we are what

1700
01:15:54,149 --> 01:15:52,000
questions might we dare ask and hope to

1701
01:15:55,350 --> 01:15:54,159
be able to answer

1702
01:15:59,350 --> 01:15:55,360
so

1703
01:16:02,070 --> 01:15:59,360
sticks is because

1704
01:16:05,110 --> 01:16:02,080
this act of exploration is

1705
01:16:07,270 --> 01:16:05,120
sort of important to us

1706
01:16:09,750 --> 01:16:07,280
i think through it

1707
01:16:10,709 --> 01:16:09,760
we dream a little bigger

1708
01:16:13,110 --> 01:16:10,719
maybe

1709
01:16:15,590 --> 01:16:13,120
aspire a little higher

1710
01:16:18,550 --> 01:16:15,600
and in some sense

1711
01:16:22,229 --> 01:16:18,560
we're a little better a teeny itsy bit

1712
01:16:24,709 --> 01:16:22,239
better so the idea

1713
01:16:27,430 --> 01:16:24,719
that 50 or 100 million people in this

1714
01:16:30,550 --> 01:16:27,440
country are a little bit better

1715
01:16:33,110 --> 01:16:30,560
by the acts that the people in this room

1716
01:16:37,270 --> 01:16:33,120
put our shoulders to to make happen

1717
01:16:37,990 --> 01:16:37,280
is uh it's a tremendous honor for me and

1718
01:16:52,950 --> 01:16:38,000
i

1719
01:17:00,229 --> 01:16:52,960
what else can you say after that so

1720
01:17:02,390 --> 01:17:01,510
well thank you

1721
01:17:06,709 --> 01:17:02,400
veronica

1722
01:17:08,470 --> 01:17:06,719
bobby adam and anita thank you very much

1723
01:17:10,070 --> 01:17:08,480
so as we

1724
01:17:11,590 --> 01:17:10,080
come to the conclusion of our

1725
01:17:13,350 --> 01:17:11,600
celebration

1726
01:17:18,229 --> 01:17:13,360
i'd just like you to reflect for a

1727
01:17:20,790 --> 01:17:18,239
moment how fortunate we are to be

1728
01:17:23,750 --> 01:17:20,800
part of the dawn of earth's adventures

1729
01:17:26,790 --> 01:17:23,760
of the solar system and beyond

1730
01:17:30,070 --> 01:17:26,800
it's truly incredible what we've seen

1731
01:17:32,550 --> 01:17:30,080
from curiosity alone in terms of the

1732
01:17:35,510 --> 01:17:32,560
development of the marvelous tools that

1733
01:17:38,070 --> 01:17:35,520
we now use to explore the planets

1734
01:17:39,430 --> 01:17:38,080
and what we've learned

1735
01:17:41,910 --> 01:17:39,440
so

1736
01:17:44,950 --> 01:17:41,920
i'd just like to thank you for

1737
01:17:46,709 --> 01:17:44,960
participating in our celebration

1738
01:17:48,470 --> 01:17:46,719
i hope that it's given you an

1739
01:17:51,750 --> 01:17:48,480
opportunity to

1740
01:17:54,229 --> 01:17:51,760
think about the scope and magnitude of

1741
01:17:55,510 --> 01:17:54,239
nasa's exceptional team of

1742
01:17:57,030 --> 01:17:55,520
dreamers

1743
01:17:59,110 --> 01:17:57,040
doers

1744
01:18:01,030 --> 01:17:59,120
and what they've accomplished so far and

1745
01:18:03,189 --> 01:18:01,040
what's ahead of us

1746
01:18:04,630 --> 01:18:03,199
so on behalf of

1747
01:18:08,630 --> 01:18:04,640
nasa's

1748
01:18:10,550 --> 01:18:08,640
and caltech's jet propulsion laboratory

1749
01:18:13,669 --> 01:18:10,560
i'd like to

1750
01:18:14,550 --> 01:18:13,679
again say thanks for coming

1751
01:18:17,110 --> 01:18:14,560
there's

1752
01:18:19,990 --> 01:18:17,120
really something to be seen here in a

1753
01:18:22,550 --> 01:18:20,000
little short video we have to close

1754
01:18:25,110 --> 01:18:22,560
that sort of sends us off

1755
01:18:27,350 --> 01:18:25,120
looking at where we've been on mars with

1756
01:18:30,630 --> 01:18:27,360
curiosity by viewing

1757
01:18:31,590 --> 01:18:30,640
mars through the navigation camera

1758
01:18:32,870 --> 01:18:31,600
so

1759
01:18:34,550 --> 01:18:32,880
thanks again

1760
01:18:46,790 --> 01:18:34,560
the adventure of exploring mars

1761
01:18:46,800 --> 01:18:55,990
so

1762
01:18:56,000 --> 01:19:12,390
um

1763
01:19:12,400 --> 01:19:27,430
do

1764
01:24:10,310 --> 01:20:06,070
so

1765
01:24:13,669 --> 01:24:11,669
good afternoon and welcome to nasa

1766
01:24:15,590 --> 01:24:13,679
headquarters i'm nasa public affairs

1767
01:24:17,590 --> 01:24:15,600
officer trent parado

1768
01:24:19,270 --> 01:24:17,600
marks an important day an important

1769
01:24:20,709 --> 01:24:19,280
anniversary in recent nasa history is

1770
01:24:23,270 --> 01:24:20,719
one year ago the mars science

1771
01:24:25,030 --> 01:24:23,280
laboratory's curiosity rover landed on

1772
01:24:28,070 --> 01:24:25,040
mars to begin its mission of scientific

1773
01:24:29,669 --> 01:24:28,080
exploration it dared us all to do

1774
01:24:31,510 --> 01:24:29,679
mighty things and it may have even

1775
01:24:33,270 --> 01:24:31,520
brought back the mohawk we have a very

1776
01:24:35,910 --> 01:24:33,280
exciting event planned for all of you

1777
01:24:37,430 --> 01:24:35,920
today um we will hear a little bit about

1778
01:24:39,270 --> 01:24:37,440
the science and the some of the science

1779
01:24:41,110 --> 01:24:39,280
highlights the mission has enabled uh

1780
01:24:43,030 --> 01:24:41,120
over the last year we'll talk a little

1781
01:24:45,189 --> 01:24:43,040
bit about the robotic follow-on missions

1782
01:24:47,189 --> 01:24:45,199
that'll that are planned for mars in its

1783
01:24:49,270 --> 01:24:47,199
footsteps of course talk about new

1784
01:24:50,629 --> 01:24:49,280
technologies and development at nasa and

1785
01:24:52,709 --> 01:24:50,639
some of the work happening around the

1786
01:24:54,550 --> 01:24:52,719
country and in space to enable that

1787
01:24:56,950 --> 01:24:54,560
ultimate agency goal of a human mission

1788
01:24:58,870 --> 01:24:56,960
to mars in the 2030s this will of course

1789
01:25:00,950 --> 01:24:58,880
include a very special and rare

1790
01:25:03,030 --> 01:25:00,960
opportunity to talk to chris cassidy and

1791
01:25:04,310 --> 01:25:03,040
karen nyberg who are currently the two

1792
01:25:05,830 --> 01:25:04,320
u.s crew members aboard the

1793
01:25:07,910 --> 01:25:05,840
international space station for

1794
01:25:09,830 --> 01:25:07,920
expedition 36 so that'll be a fun

1795
01:25:12,149 --> 01:25:09,840
opportunity we're looking forward to it

1796
01:25:13,430 --> 01:25:12,159
so if you're joining us online you can

1797
01:25:15,830 --> 01:25:13,440
of course find out more about the

1798
01:25:19,030 --> 01:25:15,840
mission at nasa.gov curiosity you can

1799
01:25:21,350 --> 01:25:19,040
ask us questions uh on social media you

1800
01:25:23,990 --> 01:25:21,360
can uh find us at nasa and at mars

1801
01:25:26,310 --> 01:25:24,000
curiosity and of course you can um use

1802
01:25:28,790 --> 01:25:26,320
the hashtag one year on mars to join the

1803
01:25:31,030 --> 01:25:28,800
conversation there use the hashtag

1804
01:25:33,110 --> 01:25:31,040
asknasa excuse me if you have questions

1805
01:25:35,270 --> 01:25:33,120
for us and our speakers as we go through

1806
01:25:37,189 --> 01:25:35,280
the event so we're going to start off

1807
01:25:39,350 --> 01:25:37,199
the event by talking a bit about science

1808
01:25:41,510 --> 01:25:39,360
our first speaker directs the planetary

1809
01:25:43,430 --> 01:25:41,520
portfolio at nasa that means every

1810
01:25:45,590 --> 01:25:43,440
mission on or around other planets in

1811
01:25:48,149 --> 01:25:45,600
the solar system even the not a planet

1812
01:25:49,990 --> 01:25:48,159
pluto we have a mission headed there but

1813
01:25:51,910 --> 01:25:50,000
it certainly includes the current and

1814
01:25:53,750 --> 01:25:51,920
planned fall-on missions to mars

1815
01:25:55,030 --> 01:25:53,760
officially he is the planetary division

1816
01:25:56,390 --> 01:25:55,040
director for the science mission

1817
01:25:58,390 --> 01:25:56,400
directorate here at nasa headquarters in

1818
01:26:03,510 --> 01:25:58,400
washington please help me welcome nasa's

1819
01:26:08,070 --> 01:26:05,110
thank you

1820
01:26:11,350 --> 01:26:08,080
indeed i want to welcome you on our

1821
01:26:13,510 --> 01:26:11,360
first anniversary uh of curiosity

1822
01:26:18,870 --> 01:26:13,520
landing on mars and if i could have my

1823
01:26:23,110 --> 01:26:21,750
there we go and in particular i want to

1824
01:26:26,390 --> 01:26:23,120
talk to

1825
01:26:27,750 --> 01:26:26,400
that new generation domar's generation

1826
01:26:29,510 --> 01:26:27,760
these are

1827
01:26:31,110 --> 01:26:29,520
our individuals

1828
01:26:33,910 --> 01:26:31,120
that believe

1829
01:26:35,350 --> 01:26:33,920
and will be going with us to mars

1830
01:26:36,550 --> 01:26:35,360
they of course

1831
01:26:38,870 --> 01:26:36,560
perhaps will

1832
01:26:41,110 --> 01:26:38,880
think of mars in this way standing on

1833
01:26:44,470 --> 01:26:41,120
the surface looking back at the earth

1834
01:26:47,030 --> 01:26:44,480
so the mars generation is here today

1835
01:26:48,310 --> 01:26:47,040
and our plans are indeed to put humans

1836
01:26:51,110 --> 01:26:48,320
on mars

1837
01:26:52,950 --> 01:26:51,120
next slide please what i'd like to do

1838
01:26:55,350 --> 01:26:52,960
as we go through this

1839
01:26:56,550 --> 01:26:55,360
is really talk about some of the past

1840
01:26:59,030 --> 01:26:56,560
missions

1841
01:27:01,430 --> 01:26:59,040
uh for us to be able to put humans on

1842
01:27:03,910 --> 01:27:01,440
mars we have to take steps

1843
01:27:05,510 --> 01:27:03,920
and for our first rover step here is

1844
01:27:08,550 --> 01:27:05,520
pathfinder

1845
01:27:10,790 --> 01:27:08,560
and of course you called it sojourner

1846
01:27:13,030 --> 01:27:10,800
it's our first major step to mars and we

1847
01:27:15,590 --> 01:27:13,040
learned so much about how to rove on

1848
01:27:17,750 --> 01:27:15,600
mars and and much more about the

1849
01:27:19,510 --> 01:27:17,760
environment that existed in and as you

1850
01:27:21,750 --> 01:27:19,520
can see in the map you can see where

1851
01:27:23,750 --> 01:27:21,760
sojourner or pathfinder

1852
01:27:26,470 --> 01:27:23,760
was located on mars

1853
01:27:30,070 --> 01:27:28,629
our next environment

1854
01:27:31,350 --> 01:27:30,080
was indeed

1855
01:27:34,790 --> 01:27:31,360
this one

1856
01:27:37,189 --> 01:27:34,800
this is the mars exploration rover uh

1857
01:27:38,870 --> 01:27:37,199
you named it curiosity we had another

1858
01:27:40,629 --> 01:27:38,880
one called spirit

1859
01:27:43,189 --> 01:27:40,639
and these as you can see in the

1860
01:27:44,629 --> 01:27:43,199
particular graphics show us where spirit

1861
01:27:49,110 --> 01:27:44,639
and opportunity

1862
01:27:52,070 --> 01:27:49,120
spirit unfortunately is no longer

1863
01:27:55,030 --> 01:27:52,080
operating but opportunity is doing well

1864
01:27:57,910 --> 01:27:55,040
it's wintering over right now as we move

1865
01:28:00,629 --> 01:27:57,920
from summer into into the winter season

1866
01:28:01,590 --> 01:28:00,639
and it's doing a great job living 10

1867
01:28:03,350 --> 01:28:01,600
years

1868
01:28:05,510 --> 01:28:03,360
in a time when we only thought it might

1869
01:28:09,110 --> 01:28:05,520
live three or four months

1870
01:28:11,350 --> 01:28:09,120
our latest rover of course is curiosity

1871
01:28:14,709 --> 01:28:11,360
now this is a nice little mock-up of

1872
01:28:17,189 --> 01:28:14,719
curiosity it's huge it's about the size

1873
01:28:19,590 --> 01:28:17,199
of your suv and even this doesn't do it

1874
01:28:21,910 --> 01:28:19,600
justice the top of curiosity is actually

1875
01:28:24,070 --> 01:28:21,920
here and as a six foot individual i have

1876
01:28:26,070 --> 01:28:24,080
to look up to curiosity

1877
01:28:28,950 --> 01:28:26,080
uh here's one of the wheels

1878
01:28:30,790 --> 01:28:28,960
this is a wheel that we used for testing

1879
01:28:32,709 --> 01:28:30,800
and as you can see it's gone through the

1880
01:28:35,430 --> 01:28:32,719
batter test but that was of course

1881
01:28:37,430 --> 01:28:35,440
necessary for us to test all elements of

1882
01:28:39,830 --> 01:28:37,440
that seven minutes of terror and

1883
01:28:42,550 --> 01:28:39,840
actually making that landing going from

1884
01:28:44,790 --> 01:28:42,560
thirteen thousand miles per hour when it

1885
01:28:46,629 --> 01:28:44,800
hit the top of the atmosphere to only

1886
01:28:49,750 --> 01:28:46,639
inches per second when it actually

1887
01:28:51,669 --> 01:28:49,760
landed and of course it landed safely uh

1888
01:28:53,830 --> 01:28:51,679
this time one year ago

1889
01:28:57,110 --> 01:28:53,840
and not only as we're going to find out

1890
01:29:00,390 --> 01:28:57,120
is it discovering the past of mars it's

1891
01:29:03,750 --> 01:29:00,400
actually making major discoveries about

1892
01:29:04,870 --> 01:29:03,760
what mars is like today that's important

1893
01:29:06,149 --> 01:29:04,880
because

1894
01:29:07,830 --> 01:29:06,159
our future

1895
01:29:09,750 --> 01:29:07,840
is really

1896
01:29:12,870 --> 01:29:09,760
in our hands

1897
01:29:15,430 --> 01:29:12,880
our destiny is to leave low earth orbit

1898
01:29:19,430 --> 01:29:15,440
trek out into the solar system the solar

1899
01:29:22,550 --> 01:29:19,440
system is ours let's take it and and we

1900
01:29:24,790 --> 01:29:22,560
believe humans can actually land on mars

1901
01:29:27,910 --> 01:29:24,800
as that ultimate destination for humans

1902
01:29:29,669 --> 01:29:27,920
within 20 perhaps 30 years from now

1903
01:29:31,590 --> 01:29:29,679
so let me now talk more about the

1904
01:29:38,149 --> 01:29:31,600
science

1905
01:29:42,470 --> 01:29:40,149
here's where we chose

1906
01:29:44,629 --> 01:29:42,480
for curiosity to land

1907
01:29:46,470 --> 01:29:44,639
it's called gale crater

1908
01:29:48,470 --> 01:29:46,480
and as you can see in this color

1909
01:29:51,110 --> 01:29:48,480
rendition of height

1910
01:29:54,870 --> 01:29:51,120
the lowlands are blue the highlands are

1911
01:29:56,950 --> 01:29:54,880
on the order of green and also red and

1912
01:29:59,430 --> 01:29:56,960
it's at that boundary between lowlands

1913
01:30:01,590 --> 01:29:59,440
and highlands we picked that particular

1914
01:30:04,229 --> 01:30:01,600
area because we wanted to go for

1915
01:30:06,390 --> 01:30:04,239
understanding if mars had a very wet

1916
01:30:08,709 --> 01:30:06,400
history in its past we see a lot of

1917
01:30:12,070 --> 01:30:08,719
indications that mars has had water on

1918
01:30:14,229 --> 01:30:12,080
its surface but we really wanted to see

1919
01:30:16,229 --> 01:30:14,239
if water could have existed for long

1920
01:30:18,709 --> 01:30:16,239
periods of time this seemed to be the

1921
01:30:20,310 --> 01:30:18,719
perfect place it's a low land area and

1922
01:30:23,110 --> 01:30:20,320
that of course is where water would

1923
01:30:24,950 --> 01:30:23,120
exist next slide please

1924
01:30:28,229 --> 01:30:24,960
here's where we landed

1925
01:30:31,110 --> 01:30:28,239
right smack dab in our bull's-eye

1926
01:30:33,830 --> 01:30:31,120
called a gale crater you can see where

1927
01:30:35,990 --> 01:30:33,840
curiosity is as pointed here you can see

1928
01:30:38,550 --> 01:30:36,000
where the jets from the sky crane blew

1929
01:30:41,270 --> 01:30:38,560
away the top soil you can see that the

1930
01:30:43,990 --> 01:30:41,280
sky crane uh actually detached and

1931
01:30:46,470 --> 01:30:44,000
crashed much further away

1932
01:30:48,709 --> 01:30:46,480
but you also see areas like this

1933
01:30:51,510 --> 01:30:48,719
fractured unit and this cratered unit in

1934
01:30:54,629 --> 01:30:51,520
this hammocky unit mars was in this

1935
01:30:56,629 --> 01:30:54,639
location was just a fabulous opportunity

1936
01:30:59,350 --> 01:30:56,639
for us to take a really good look at

1937
01:31:01,510 --> 01:30:59,360
what's around us next slide please

1938
01:31:04,950 --> 01:31:01,520
and and of course we took our own beauty

1939
01:31:06,950 --> 01:31:04,960
picture this is uh 54 frames from our

1940
01:31:09,590 --> 01:31:06,960
our arm camera

1941
01:31:12,390 --> 01:31:09,600
and uh someone in the community uh on

1942
01:31:14,550 --> 01:31:12,400
the internet did this next slide please

1943
01:31:17,189 --> 01:31:14,560
put the picture together and gave us

1944
01:31:19,430 --> 01:31:17,199
gave us a great look of curiosity on its

1945
01:31:22,070 --> 01:31:19,440
surface next slide please

1946
01:31:24,550 --> 01:31:22,080
all curiosity had to do now was to look

1947
01:31:26,950 --> 01:31:24,560
around wake up get its instruments up

1948
01:31:28,709 --> 01:31:26,960
and running it looked north towards that

1949
01:31:30,470 --> 01:31:28,719
crater rim and of course on the other

1950
01:31:33,110 --> 01:31:30,480
side of the crater rim

1951
01:31:34,870 --> 01:31:33,120
is that very low lying area

1952
01:31:38,470 --> 01:31:34,880
in fact we see

1953
01:31:40,470 --> 01:31:38,480
from orbit major scours that that exist

1954
01:31:43,030 --> 01:31:40,480
in that crater room where water perhaps

1955
01:31:44,550 --> 01:31:43,040
poured over and into the crater itself

1956
01:31:47,350 --> 01:31:44,560
next slide please

1957
01:31:50,149 --> 01:31:47,360
it also looked towards mount sharp

1958
01:31:51,510 --> 01:31:50,159
here is its ultimate destination next

1959
01:31:54,550 --> 01:31:51,520
slide please

1960
01:31:57,030 --> 01:31:54,560
what's really fabulous about mount sharp

1961
01:31:59,270 --> 01:31:57,040
are these structures these linear

1962
01:32:00,870 --> 01:31:59,280
structures that run across these are

1963
01:32:03,990 --> 01:32:00,880
layered sediments

1964
01:32:07,110 --> 01:32:04,000
where geologists call this stratigraphy

1965
01:32:09,510 --> 01:32:07,120
this is literally the pages of the

1966
01:32:11,350 --> 01:32:09,520
history book on mars

1967
01:32:14,229 --> 01:32:11,360
by going to mount sharp we're going to

1968
01:32:16,870 --> 01:32:14,239
be able to unravel that history and look

1969
01:32:19,110 --> 01:32:16,880
at what happened over time and why

1970
01:32:21,990 --> 01:32:19,120
mars's climate is so different than what

1971
01:32:24,470 --> 01:32:22,000
we believe it existed 4 billion years

1972
01:32:26,709 --> 01:32:24,480
ago next slide please

1973
01:32:29,350 --> 01:32:26,719
this little boulder that we point out

1974
01:32:31,750 --> 01:32:29,360
this little tiny boulder that's sitting

1975
01:32:36,149 --> 01:32:31,760
in front of us is actually the size of

1976
01:32:37,910 --> 01:32:36,159
curiosity our one ton suv sized vehicle

1977
01:32:39,990 --> 01:32:37,920
next slide please

1978
01:32:43,030 --> 01:32:40,000
curiosity began immediately to look

1979
01:32:44,709 --> 01:32:43,040
around and begin its science phase and

1980
01:32:46,550 --> 01:32:44,719
here's what it found

1981
01:32:48,470 --> 01:32:46,560
on the right we see

1982
01:32:51,430 --> 01:32:48,480
similar structures on earth these are

1983
01:32:55,590 --> 01:32:51,440
conglomerates of rounded pebbles

1984
01:32:57,910 --> 01:32:55,600
these are found in dried up river beds

1985
01:33:00,550 --> 01:32:57,920
on the right we see exactly the same

1986
01:33:03,350 --> 01:33:00,560
thing where curiosity is sitting and in

1987
01:33:06,149 --> 01:33:03,360
fact we now believe that curiosity

1988
01:33:08,390 --> 01:33:06,159
landed in an ancient riverbed

1989
01:33:09,910 --> 01:33:08,400
water that flowed in this area billions

1990
01:33:12,790 --> 01:33:09,920
of years ago

1991
01:33:14,790 --> 01:33:12,800
maybe for tens of thousands and millions

1992
01:33:17,030 --> 01:33:14,800
of years flowed in this particular

1993
01:33:19,110 --> 01:33:17,040
region next slide please

1994
01:33:20,950 --> 01:33:19,120
well this was exciting discoveries and

1995
01:33:22,709 --> 01:33:20,960
now we turned our attention to the next

1996
01:33:24,790 --> 01:33:22,719
set of experiments

1997
01:33:27,830 --> 01:33:24,800
and that's where the arm could sit down

1998
01:33:30,310 --> 01:33:27,840
on a particular location on a rock and

1999
01:33:32,790 --> 01:33:30,320
drill next slide please

2000
01:33:34,790 --> 01:33:32,800
and so here's the rock that we chose

2001
01:33:37,189 --> 01:33:34,800
this is a sedimentary rock this is

2002
01:33:39,030 --> 01:33:37,199
material that's been laid over time at

2003
01:33:41,510 --> 01:33:39,040
the bottom of what we believe is this

2004
01:33:43,830 --> 01:33:41,520
ancient riverbed next slide

2005
01:33:46,310 --> 01:33:43,840
it drilled this hole and as we get

2006
01:33:49,750 --> 01:33:46,320
closer to it next slide

2007
01:33:52,229 --> 01:33:49,760
we see quite clearly that mars is a

2008
01:33:53,350 --> 01:33:52,239
different color underneath this red

2009
01:33:55,270 --> 01:33:53,360
surface

2010
01:33:57,590 --> 01:33:55,280
this is gray mars

2011
01:34:00,229 --> 01:33:57,600
this is mars of the past

2012
01:34:01,510 --> 01:34:00,239
when we began to analyze this data next

2013
01:34:03,270 --> 01:34:01,520
slide please

2014
01:34:06,229 --> 01:34:03,280
putting it in our scoop and putting it

2015
01:34:09,030 --> 01:34:06,239
in our sophisticated science instruments

2016
01:34:11,669 --> 01:34:09,040
we found carbon we found nitrogen we

2017
01:34:14,229 --> 01:34:11,679
found oxygen we found phosphorus we

2018
01:34:16,390 --> 01:34:14,239
found sulfur we found all the

2019
01:34:18,229 --> 01:34:16,400
ingredients of life

2020
01:34:21,750 --> 01:34:18,239
as measured in this material that's

2021
01:34:25,990 --> 01:34:21,760
deposited in this ancient riverbed

2022
01:34:29,189 --> 01:34:26,000
mars was habitable in its past

2023
01:34:31,270 --> 01:34:29,199
mars was a blue planet

2024
01:34:34,310 --> 01:34:31,280
this has really been a major step

2025
01:34:36,310 --> 01:34:34,320
forward in understanding that mars was

2026
01:34:39,030 --> 01:34:36,320
much more like earth

2027
01:34:41,030 --> 01:34:39,040
many billions of years ago and of course

2028
01:34:43,189 --> 01:34:41,040
now we want to understand what happened

2029
01:34:44,629 --> 01:34:43,199
to it how did it change from the

2030
01:34:47,910 --> 01:34:44,639
environment that was much more

2031
01:34:49,430 --> 01:34:47,920
earth-like to what it is today

2032
01:34:51,750 --> 01:34:49,440
very dry

2033
01:34:54,149 --> 01:34:51,760
and in fact the atmosphere is only a

2034
01:34:56,550 --> 01:34:54,159
percent of what ours is in terms of its

2035
01:34:58,830 --> 01:34:56,560
pressure and it has quite a bit of

2036
01:35:02,149 --> 01:34:58,840
difference in composition next slide

2037
01:35:04,550 --> 01:35:02,159
please here's our destination

2038
01:35:06,310 --> 01:35:04,560
it's called mount sharp as seen from our

2039
01:35:09,110 --> 01:35:06,320
mars reconnaissance orbiter we're

2040
01:35:11,910 --> 01:35:09,120
looking down now in the bottom of gale

2041
01:35:13,590 --> 01:35:11,920
crater near the landing site you can see

2042
01:35:16,470 --> 01:35:13,600
where we went to glenelg and that's

2043
01:35:18,950 --> 01:35:16,480
where we found the conglomerates and and

2044
01:35:20,950 --> 01:35:18,960
did the analysis i just referred to

2045
01:35:23,270 --> 01:35:20,960
we're heading towards the base of mount

2046
01:35:26,870 --> 01:35:23,280
sharp right now we're moving anywhere

2047
01:35:29,189 --> 01:35:26,880
from 40 meters to 100 meters per day

2048
01:35:30,950 --> 01:35:29,199
now this is about a journey of eight or

2049
01:35:33,510 --> 01:35:30,960
so kilometers so it's going to be

2050
01:35:35,910 --> 01:35:33,520
several months and along the way we'll

2051
01:35:38,310 --> 01:35:35,920
find some fascinating things i know

2052
01:35:40,709 --> 01:35:38,320
once we get to the bottom of mount sharp

2053
01:35:43,350 --> 01:35:40,719
we're going to have to avoid this this

2054
01:35:44,790 --> 01:35:43,360
black area that you see this actually is

2055
01:35:47,510 --> 01:35:44,800
our sand dunes

2056
01:35:48,550 --> 01:35:47,520
from orbit we see these sand dunes shift

2057
01:35:50,629 --> 01:35:48,560
around

2058
01:35:53,189 --> 01:35:50,639
and of course as every good golfer knows

2059
01:35:55,110 --> 01:35:53,199
we want to stay away from those maneuver

2060
01:35:58,629 --> 01:35:55,120
through those and begin to crawl up

2061
01:36:02,070 --> 01:35:58,639
mount sharp and begin to analyze these

2062
01:36:03,750 --> 01:36:02,080
layers of history this stratigraphy the

2063
01:36:05,750 --> 01:36:03,760
laying down of sediments that have

2064
01:36:08,229 --> 01:36:05,760
occurred over billions of years and

2065
01:36:11,750 --> 01:36:08,239
putting all that together will enable us

2066
01:36:14,149 --> 01:36:11,760
to understand what happened to mars

2067
01:36:17,110 --> 01:36:14,159
going from a habitable environment as we

2068
01:36:19,030 --> 01:36:17,120
now believe it was in its past

2069
01:36:21,189 --> 01:36:19,040
to what it is like today

2070
01:36:23,590 --> 01:36:21,199
and of course today

2071
01:36:26,629 --> 01:36:23,600
that is important data for us to be able

2072
01:36:28,790 --> 01:36:26,639
to understand next slide please what our

2073
01:36:31,030 --> 01:36:28,800
future might look like

2074
01:36:33,750 --> 01:36:31,040
now this actually i i pulled off the

2075
01:36:35,669 --> 01:36:33,760
internet only days after this particular

2076
01:36:38,790 --> 01:36:35,679
picture was taken

2077
01:36:40,070 --> 01:36:38,800
someone from the mars generation

2078
01:36:43,669 --> 01:36:40,080
made this

2079
01:36:46,470 --> 01:36:43,679
beautiful image of course it is it is uh

2080
01:36:48,629 --> 01:36:46,480
overlaid with the uh with the shadow of

2081
01:36:49,830 --> 01:36:48,639
curiosity late in the day as the sun

2082
01:36:52,149 --> 01:36:49,840
went down

2083
01:36:54,709 --> 01:36:52,159
taking their transformer and a shadow of

2084
01:36:57,109 --> 01:36:54,719
that photoshop this in

2085
01:36:59,990 --> 01:36:57,119
but in reality this is what humans are

2086
01:37:01,750 --> 01:37:00,000
going to look like in 30 years on mars

2087
01:37:04,070 --> 01:37:01,760
they're going to have communication with

2088
01:37:06,550 --> 01:37:04,080
their orbiters they're going to be

2089
01:37:08,629 --> 01:37:06,560
having a set of tools they're going to

2090
01:37:10,709 --> 01:37:08,639
be working on mars they're going to be

2091
01:37:13,030 --> 01:37:10,719
living on mars and of course they're

2092
01:37:16,070 --> 01:37:13,040
going to have their pet dog rover right

2093
01:37:17,830 --> 01:37:16,080
there in hand helping them along the way

2094
01:37:20,390 --> 01:37:17,840
the next major mission that we're

2095
01:37:23,750 --> 01:37:20,400
thinking of along this path

2096
01:37:25,830 --> 01:37:23,760
is a rover much like curiosity in terms

2097
01:37:28,310 --> 01:37:25,840
of its volume its size

2098
01:37:30,870 --> 01:37:28,320
and its mass however it will have a

2099
01:37:34,149 --> 01:37:30,880
completely different set of instruments

2100
01:37:37,350 --> 01:37:34,159
we're planning to launch that in 2020

2101
01:37:39,830 --> 01:37:37,360
we're planning to take that next step

2102
01:37:42,229 --> 01:37:39,840
knowing that mars was an environment

2103
01:37:44,790 --> 01:37:42,239
that was habitable in its past

2104
01:37:46,390 --> 01:37:44,800
we're going to start seeking the signs

2105
01:37:48,950 --> 01:37:46,400
of potential life

2106
01:37:51,590 --> 01:37:48,960
that could have existed on mars

2107
01:37:54,950 --> 01:37:51,600
and that if we can answer that question

2108
01:37:57,430 --> 01:37:54,960
will change everything it will tell us

2109
01:38:00,629 --> 01:37:57,440
that life not only may exist in our

2110
01:38:03,189 --> 01:38:00,639
solar system but throughout our universe

2111
01:38:05,590 --> 01:38:03,199
so these are huge steps

2112
01:38:07,590 --> 01:38:05,600
and we're making great progress and so

2113
01:38:09,109 --> 01:38:07,600
for all of you we want to take you along

2114
01:38:11,109 --> 01:38:09,119
in the journey

2115
01:38:12,950 --> 01:38:11,119
so with that maybe i can take some

2116
01:38:13,990 --> 01:38:12,960
questions in the time i have remaining

2117
01:38:16,950 --> 01:38:14,000
thanks very much we had a couple of

2118
01:38:18,229 --> 01:38:16,960
roving mics and i think we have

2119
01:38:19,910 --> 01:38:18,239
let's see do we have our first question

2120
01:38:23,109 --> 01:38:19,920
down here in the front

2121
01:38:28,070 --> 01:38:26,310
jeff wallace rock and uh 528 on twitter

2122
01:38:30,870 --> 01:38:28,080
uh so

2123
01:38:33,430 --> 01:38:30,880
what would be your uh what would be your

2124
01:38:35,350 --> 01:38:33,440
your top three uh

2125
01:38:37,350 --> 01:38:35,360
biggest challenges and things that

2126
01:38:38,229 --> 01:38:37,360
you're now happy about

2127
01:38:40,310 --> 01:38:38,239
okay

2128
01:38:43,030 --> 01:38:40,320
the top three challenges

2129
01:38:44,950 --> 01:38:43,040
are indeed making sure that all the

2130
01:38:47,669 --> 01:38:44,960
systems are put together in much the

2131
01:38:50,709 --> 01:38:47,679
same way that we have with curiosity to

2132
01:38:53,189 --> 01:38:50,719
be able to get that next rover down

2133
01:38:55,990 --> 01:38:53,199
also be able to get the right set of

2134
01:38:58,229 --> 01:38:56,000
experiments together that do that major

2135
01:39:00,470 --> 01:38:58,239
step in seeking signs of life that would

2136
01:39:02,229 --> 01:39:00,480
be the next major one and then of course

2137
01:39:04,709 --> 01:39:02,239
we have to find the location that we

2138
01:39:07,030 --> 01:39:04,719
want to go to and like real estate it's

2139
01:39:09,350 --> 01:39:07,040
location location location

2140
01:39:12,470 --> 01:39:09,360
you know the vikings uh in the in the

2141
01:39:14,310 --> 01:39:12,480
80s when they sat down on mars and they

2142
01:39:16,390 --> 01:39:14,320
they were a life experiment and they

2143
01:39:18,390 --> 01:39:16,400
scooped and made measurements of that

2144
01:39:20,629 --> 01:39:18,400
they that was pretty inconclusive in

2145
01:39:22,470 --> 01:39:20,639
fact most scientists believe that

2146
01:39:24,470 --> 01:39:22,480
that viking results

2147
01:39:28,229 --> 01:39:24,480
didn't indicate that there was life on

2148
01:39:31,350 --> 01:39:28,239
the surface but viking landed in modern

2149
01:39:32,870 --> 01:39:31,360
mars bathed in ultraviolet radiation and

2150
01:39:35,350 --> 01:39:32,880
cosmic rays

2151
01:39:38,390 --> 01:39:35,360
curiosity has gone to a place that's

2152
01:39:41,350 --> 01:39:38,400
been unmodified in three and a half or

2153
01:39:44,390 --> 01:39:41,360
so billion years it literally went to

2154
01:39:46,629 --> 01:39:44,400
the right place back in time and that

2155
01:39:48,229 --> 01:39:46,639
enabled us to really see what mars's

2156
01:39:50,390 --> 01:39:48,239
past was like

2157
01:39:51,669 --> 01:39:50,400
and that's what we want to do next find

2158
01:39:53,510 --> 01:39:51,679
that next

2159
01:39:55,189 --> 01:39:53,520
fabulous location

2160
01:39:57,270 --> 01:39:55,199
undisturbed

2161
01:39:59,189 --> 01:39:57,280
in its past where life could have

2162
01:40:00,709 --> 01:39:59,199
existed

2163
01:40:02,149 --> 01:40:00,719
let's take a quick question from social

2164
01:40:03,510 --> 01:40:02,159
media if we could

2165
01:40:05,590 --> 01:40:03,520
sure we have a question here from

2166
01:40:07,350 --> 01:40:05,600
twitter user sheldon c

2167
01:40:09,350 --> 01:40:07,360
has anything you found on mars in the

2168
01:40:12,229 --> 01:40:09,360
past year triggered plans for additional

2169
01:40:15,030 --> 01:40:12,239
questions research and exploration

2170
01:40:17,669 --> 01:40:15,040
yes indeed just about everything that we

2171
01:40:18,950 --> 01:40:17,679
find out we want to know more about for

2172
01:40:21,590 --> 01:40:18,960
instance

2173
01:40:23,910 --> 01:40:21,600
not to get too technical but we looked

2174
01:40:26,070 --> 01:40:23,920
at from the atmospheric instrument

2175
01:40:28,070 --> 01:40:26,080
ratios of argon there's different types

2176
01:40:31,270 --> 01:40:28,080
of argon one argon heavier than the

2177
01:40:34,470 --> 01:40:31,280
other argon doesn't react with anything

2178
01:40:36,550 --> 01:40:34,480
but it has a natural amount of each of

2179
01:40:39,109 --> 01:40:36,560
those elements throughout the solar

2180
01:40:41,109 --> 01:40:39,119
system and when we were at mars and we

2181
01:40:44,149 --> 01:40:41,119
made those measurements of argon we

2182
01:40:46,629 --> 01:40:44,159
found the lighter argon had left

2183
01:40:48,470 --> 01:40:46,639
mostly the heavy argon was there the

2184
01:40:51,189 --> 01:40:48,480
only way that could have happened is

2185
01:40:53,910 --> 01:40:51,199
that mars atmosphere was stripped away

2186
01:40:54,950 --> 01:40:53,920
it changed where did it go how did that

2187
01:40:57,750 --> 01:40:54,960
happen

2188
01:40:59,910 --> 01:40:57,760
so our next big mission maven which will

2189
01:41:01,189 --> 01:40:59,920
be launched in november is designed to

2190
01:41:03,270 --> 01:41:01,199
go to mars

2191
01:41:05,270 --> 01:41:03,280
be able to orbit and look at how the

2192
01:41:07,830 --> 01:41:05,280
solar wind interacts with a planet that

2193
01:41:09,750 --> 01:41:07,840
no longer has a magnetic field you know

2194
01:41:11,830 --> 01:41:09,760
mars lost its field

2195
01:41:13,270 --> 01:41:11,840
billions of years ago

2196
01:41:15,109 --> 01:41:13,280
and we want to know why that happened

2197
01:41:16,950 --> 01:41:15,119
but we want to see that process and

2198
01:41:19,189 --> 01:41:16,960
whether the solar wind actually did the

2199
01:41:20,629 --> 01:41:19,199
stripping or something else happen to

2200
01:41:22,390 --> 01:41:20,639
its atmosphere

2201
01:41:24,550 --> 01:41:22,400
so just each and every one of those

2202
01:41:27,189 --> 01:41:24,560
discoveries builds on the next set of

2203
01:41:29,270 --> 01:41:27,199
questions we want to answer

2204
01:41:31,669 --> 01:41:29,280
say show hands for for questions we

2205
01:41:39,910 --> 01:41:31,679
haven't gotten to yet

2206
01:41:45,669 --> 01:41:42,629
uh there's an mro image

2207
01:41:48,629 --> 01:41:45,679
a while back that showed what seemed to

2208
01:41:49,910 --> 01:41:48,639
be uh liquid water flowing seasonally on

2209
01:41:52,870 --> 01:41:49,920
mars there

2210
01:41:54,310 --> 01:41:52,880
any plans to get closer to things like

2211
01:41:59,270 --> 01:41:54,320
that

2212
01:42:02,470 --> 01:41:59,280
referring to we actually see fairly

2213
01:42:04,950 --> 01:42:02,480
often now because we know where to look

2214
01:42:06,629 --> 01:42:04,960
it they occur during the summer when

2215
01:42:08,709 --> 01:42:06,639
crater walls

2216
01:42:10,070 --> 01:42:08,719
are such that they get the maximum

2217
01:42:12,149 --> 01:42:10,080
sunlight

2218
01:42:16,149 --> 01:42:12,159
now what must be happening

2219
01:42:18,310 --> 01:42:16,159
is that sunlight is sublimating in other

2220
01:42:20,550 --> 01:42:18,320
words uh going through that process of

2221
01:42:21,669 --> 01:42:20,560
of solid to vapor

2222
01:42:24,310 --> 01:42:21,679
another uh

2223
01:42:26,550 --> 01:42:24,320
the aquifers that are plugged up

2224
01:42:28,470 --> 01:42:26,560
that releases what's inside these

2225
01:42:30,950 --> 01:42:28,480
aquifers which we believe

2226
01:42:32,870 --> 01:42:30,960
are brining water which flows down the

2227
01:42:35,669 --> 01:42:32,880
crater walls

2228
01:42:38,470 --> 01:42:35,679
you can't go anywhere on this planet and

2229
01:42:40,229 --> 01:42:38,480
grab a thimble full of water without

2230
01:42:41,270 --> 01:42:40,239
finding life

2231
01:42:43,990 --> 01:42:41,280
all right

2232
01:42:47,030 --> 01:42:44,000
so the fact that mars has trapped water

2233
01:42:49,910 --> 01:42:47,040
inside it still bodes well

2234
01:42:51,430 --> 01:42:49,920
for potentially finding life even

2235
01:42:53,910 --> 01:42:51,440
perhaps today

2236
01:42:56,149 --> 01:42:53,920
well the aquifers are pretty deep

2237
01:42:59,109 --> 01:42:56,159
we still have a lot to learn before we

2238
01:43:01,189 --> 01:42:59,119
know where to go we need to understand

2239
01:43:02,950 --> 01:43:01,199
how close they are to the surface and

2240
01:43:04,550 --> 01:43:02,960
where we might be able to investigate

2241
01:43:06,470 --> 01:43:04,560
those in the future

2242
01:43:08,310 --> 01:43:06,480
in the meantime as i mentioned after

2243
01:43:11,910 --> 01:43:08,320
maven will come

2244
01:43:14,310 --> 01:43:11,920
uh our our mars rover in 2020 and that

2245
01:43:16,709 --> 01:43:14,320
one is going to bore holes into rocks

2246
01:43:18,310 --> 01:43:16,719
and look back in the past and it's

2247
01:43:20,470 --> 01:43:18,320
really the past

2248
01:43:23,430 --> 01:43:20,480
that we have the greatest chance to find

2249
01:43:24,550 --> 01:43:23,440
out if mars was ever inhabited that

2250
01:43:26,229 --> 01:43:24,560
should leave

2251
01:43:29,109 --> 01:43:26,239
remnant material

2252
01:43:31,510 --> 01:43:29,119
you know organic carbon all the right

2253
01:43:33,430 --> 01:43:31,520
stuff and that's what we want to look at

2254
01:43:35,669 --> 01:43:33,440
next that will be our next step but the

2255
01:43:38,149 --> 01:43:35,679
briny water is really intriguing and we

2256
01:43:40,149 --> 01:43:38,159
do want to follow up on that someday hey

2257
01:43:41,350 --> 01:43:40,159
jim before before we uh we lose you

2258
01:43:42,550 --> 01:43:41,360
what's um what are the follow-on

2259
01:43:45,189 --> 01:43:42,560
missions that we should be looking for

2260
01:43:47,270 --> 01:43:45,199
here well the one we're launching in

2261
01:43:50,149 --> 01:43:47,280
november is maven

2262
01:43:53,109 --> 01:43:50,159
it is an orbiter and it's designed to be

2263
01:43:54,790 --> 01:43:53,119
able to look at how the ionosphere and

2264
01:43:57,030 --> 01:43:54,800
atmosphere of mars

2265
01:43:59,109 --> 01:43:57,040
interacts with that outgassing from the

2266
01:44:00,870 --> 01:43:59,119
sun called the solar wind

2267
01:44:03,030 --> 01:44:00,880
and we know that solar wind may be

2268
01:44:04,790 --> 01:44:03,040
stripping atmosphere away and we want to

2269
01:44:07,350 --> 01:44:04,800
see that process and we want to see what

2270
01:44:09,510 --> 01:44:07,360
it's losing and that will tell us a lot

2271
01:44:11,750 --> 01:44:09,520
about what's happened to mars

2272
01:44:14,070 --> 01:44:11,760
with respect to those processes over

2273
01:44:17,350 --> 01:44:14,080
millions and millions of years

2274
01:44:19,510 --> 01:44:17,360
our next nasa-led mission is indeed the

2275
01:44:22,550 --> 01:44:19,520
2020 rover

2276
01:44:25,270 --> 01:44:22,560
we'll launch it in 2020 it will land

2277
01:44:27,750 --> 01:44:25,280
about nine months later we will use the

2278
01:44:29,830 --> 01:44:27,760
scary sky crane as everyone has called

2279
01:44:32,149 --> 01:44:29,840
it in the past we'll relive that seven

2280
01:44:34,310 --> 01:44:32,159
minutes of terror i'm sure

2281
01:44:36,070 --> 01:44:34,320
but what we put down on the surface will

2282
01:44:38,390 --> 01:44:36,080
be a completely different set of

2283
01:44:40,310 --> 01:44:38,400
experiments and we'll be taking that

2284
01:44:42,870 --> 01:44:40,320
next step along the way

2285
01:44:43,910 --> 01:44:42,880
that allows humans to go to mars in the

2286
01:44:45,030 --> 01:44:43,920
future

2287
01:44:49,430 --> 01:44:45,040
let's give a big round of applause for

2288
01:44:49,440 --> 01:44:52,550
okay

2289
01:44:55,669 --> 01:44:53,590
so now we're going to talk about one of

2290
01:44:57,990 --> 01:44:55,679
my favorite subjects i'm sure many of

2291
01:45:00,310 --> 01:44:58,000
yours as well which is technology uh

2292
01:45:02,629 --> 01:45:00,320
research into space uh you know and the

2293
01:45:04,709 --> 01:45:02,639
things that nasa accomplishes inevitably

2294
01:45:06,390 --> 01:45:04,719
improves lives on earth as well you know

2295
01:45:08,709 --> 01:45:06,400
through the invention and innovation of

2296
01:45:10,550 --> 01:45:08,719
new technologies the journey to mars

2297
01:45:12,310 --> 01:45:10,560
it's an asteroid and mars for nasa is

2298
01:45:14,629 --> 01:45:12,320
not going to be any different our next

2299
01:45:15,910 --> 01:45:14,639
speaker directs cross-cutting technology

2300
01:45:18,229 --> 01:45:15,920
innovation and development for the

2301
01:45:20,390 --> 01:45:18,239
agency he is the acting director of the

2302
01:45:22,229 --> 01:45:20,400
strategic integration and analysis

2303
01:45:23,990 --> 01:45:22,239
office within the space technology

2304
01:45:30,070 --> 01:45:24,000
mission directorate here at nasa please

2305
01:45:35,189 --> 01:45:32,709
thank you uh good afternoon and i'm uh

2306
01:45:36,470 --> 01:45:35,199
very happy to be here um

2307
01:45:39,189 --> 01:45:36,480
what i'm going to talk about next slide

2308
01:45:41,910 --> 01:45:39,199
please our uh you know jim uh green just

2309
01:45:43,590 --> 01:45:41,920
laid out a nice uh overview of the mars

2310
01:45:45,590 --> 01:45:43,600
program from recent history and what

2311
01:45:47,510 --> 01:45:45,600
we're planning to do over the next 10

2312
01:45:50,149 --> 01:45:47,520
years say

2313
01:45:51,750 --> 01:45:50,159
to do robotic explorations but

2314
01:45:53,910 --> 01:45:51,760
what i'm here going to talk about is how

2315
01:45:56,390 --> 01:45:53,920
do we actually put boots on mars you

2316
01:45:58,470 --> 01:45:56,400
know one of the things that we as a

2317
01:46:00,950 --> 01:45:58,480
country want to do is explore

2318
01:46:02,790 --> 01:46:00,960
uh deeper into the space uh beyond low

2319
01:46:04,870 --> 01:46:02,800
earth orbit for humans and there are a

2320
01:46:07,430 --> 01:46:04,880
lot of challenges for that to occur uh

2321
01:46:09,669 --> 01:46:07,440
we've done a very good job of getting

2322
01:46:11,910 --> 01:46:09,679
astronauts into low earth orbit and the

2323
01:46:14,310 --> 01:46:11,920
vicinity of the earth moon system over

2324
01:46:16,149 --> 01:46:14,320
the years but to get further out into

2325
01:46:18,709 --> 01:46:16,159
deep space there are a number of areas

2326
01:46:20,709 --> 01:46:18,719
of technology we need to invest in

2327
01:46:21,830 --> 01:46:20,719
we've made a number of these investments

2328
01:46:23,990 --> 01:46:21,840
and i'm going to talk about what we're

2329
01:46:27,189 --> 01:46:24,000
doing now but we need to make some

2330
01:46:29,590 --> 01:46:27,199
sustained uh investments for a decade or

2331
01:46:31,430 --> 01:46:29,600
more before we can get the reliability

2332
01:46:34,070 --> 01:46:31,440
and some of the capabilities we need to

2333
01:46:36,070 --> 01:46:34,080
send uh you know astronauts to the

2334
01:46:39,030 --> 01:46:36,080
surface of mars or deeper into the solar

2335
01:46:40,629 --> 01:46:39,040
system and what this chart kind of uh

2336
01:46:43,990 --> 01:46:40,639
shows here are

2337
01:46:46,149 --> 01:46:44,000
a number of the uh areas that we need to

2338
01:46:48,229 --> 01:46:46,159
make some investments and to to really

2339
01:46:51,350 --> 01:46:48,239
improve the capabilities and they uh

2340
01:46:53,590 --> 01:46:51,360
span many different areas for sending um

2341
01:46:55,910 --> 01:46:53,600
spacecraft and humans uh into deeper

2342
01:46:57,590 --> 01:46:55,920
space and one is better communications

2343
01:46:59,590 --> 01:46:57,600
you know right now we use radio

2344
01:47:01,669 --> 01:46:59,600
frequency communications to when we send

2345
01:47:03,910 --> 01:47:01,679
uh robotic spacecraft and even

2346
01:47:06,470 --> 01:47:03,920
astronauts into low earth orbit

2347
01:47:07,910 --> 01:47:06,480
but we want high band communications

2348
01:47:09,590 --> 01:47:07,920
when we send humans we're going to be

2349
01:47:10,470 --> 01:47:09,600
getting a lot more data if we want

2350
01:47:12,870 --> 01:47:10,480
really

2351
01:47:14,950 --> 01:47:12,880
video those types of things we want a

2352
01:47:16,709 --> 01:47:14,960
high-speed internet basically to be able

2353
01:47:18,070 --> 01:47:16,719
to bring those data back to here and so

2354
01:47:19,270 --> 01:47:18,080
some of the investments we're making on

2355
01:47:22,149 --> 01:47:19,280
is improving the communications

2356
01:47:25,590 --> 01:47:22,159
capability um life support obviously to

2357
01:47:28,149 --> 01:47:25,600
send humans uh outside the earth um we

2358
01:47:29,910 --> 01:47:28,159
require a life support system for them

2359
01:47:31,590 --> 01:47:29,920
we have uh

2360
01:47:34,390 --> 01:47:31,600
a lot of experiments going on at space

2361
01:47:36,870 --> 01:47:34,400
station to improve the reliability of a

2362
01:47:39,510 --> 01:47:36,880
environmental system for long duration

2363
01:47:41,189 --> 01:47:39,520
operation uh we need to test those out

2364
01:47:42,950 --> 01:47:41,199
make them much more higher reliability

2365
01:47:45,430 --> 01:47:42,960
so when we send astronauts to deeper

2366
01:47:47,189 --> 01:47:45,440
space or to mars on a mission we would

2367
01:47:50,229 --> 01:47:47,199
have systems that would provide

2368
01:47:52,629 --> 01:47:50,239
everything they need for daily uh living

2369
01:47:55,430 --> 01:47:52,639
from breathing to food

2370
01:47:57,830 --> 01:47:55,440
recycling uh waste so on and so forth um

2371
01:47:59,189 --> 01:47:57,840
because a mission to mars for humans is

2372
01:48:01,990 --> 01:47:59,199
going to take anywhere between two to

2373
01:48:04,950 --> 01:48:02,000
three years and so it's a long way to go

2374
01:48:06,550 --> 01:48:04,960
and a long time to come back and

2375
01:48:08,149 --> 01:48:06,560
we can't just go there and fix things

2376
01:48:10,070 --> 01:48:08,159
okay so we have to have systems that

2377
01:48:11,830 --> 01:48:10,080
will be highly reliable to be able to

2378
01:48:14,229 --> 01:48:11,840
take care of the astronauts

2379
01:48:17,430 --> 01:48:14,239
to not only live but the reason they're

2380
01:48:18,870 --> 01:48:17,440
going there for is to do this scientific

2381
01:48:21,189 --> 01:48:18,880
investigations that jim talked about

2382
01:48:22,629 --> 01:48:21,199
that we do robotic systems with but all

2383
01:48:24,870 --> 01:48:22,639
the other things that humans will bring

2384
01:48:28,229 --> 01:48:24,880
into that aspect to be able to figure

2385
01:48:29,830 --> 01:48:28,239
out uh what's near uh our so what's

2386
01:48:33,590 --> 01:48:29,840
within our solar system and near to our

2387
01:48:35,270 --> 01:48:33,600
planet uh and mars is really the next

2388
01:48:36,390 --> 01:48:35,280
big hurdle for sending humans deeper

2389
01:48:38,229 --> 01:48:36,400
into space

2390
01:48:40,870 --> 01:48:38,239
uh power generating storage they're

2391
01:48:42,790 --> 01:48:40,880
gonna need power to operate uh not only

2392
01:48:44,550 --> 01:48:42,800
uh what they need the astronauts but all

2393
01:48:46,550 --> 01:48:44,560
the equipment to do the analysis or

2394
01:48:48,709 --> 01:48:46,560
roving on mars and so on and so forth so

2395
01:48:50,470 --> 01:48:48,719
we have to find ways of generating power

2396
01:48:51,830 --> 01:48:50,480
and storing it so they can utilize it

2397
01:48:53,990 --> 01:48:51,840
for the extended period times that we

2398
01:48:57,270 --> 01:48:54,000
will be doing that

2399
01:48:58,830 --> 01:48:57,280
you see you know spirit and opportunity

2400
01:49:01,830 --> 01:48:58,840
curiosity rovers

2401
01:49:03,270 --> 01:49:01,840
there solar power and

2402
01:49:05,990 --> 01:49:03,280
curiosity used

2403
01:49:07,510 --> 01:49:06,000
a radioisotope generator to produce the

2404
01:49:09,270 --> 01:49:07,520
power we're going to need a lot more

2405
01:49:11,590 --> 01:49:09,280
power for when humans are on the surface

2406
01:49:13,510 --> 01:49:11,600
with a lot larger vehicles to be able to

2407
01:49:16,229 --> 01:49:13,520
operate those types of systems

2408
01:49:18,629 --> 01:49:16,239
logistics how do we pre-position large

2409
01:49:20,070 --> 01:49:18,639
things on the surface of mars

2410
01:49:22,390 --> 01:49:20,080
curiosity

2411
01:49:24,629 --> 01:49:22,400
allowed us to land one metric ton on the

2412
01:49:26,870 --> 01:49:24,639
surface of mars

2413
01:49:29,030 --> 01:49:26,880
to you that may sound like very big

2414
01:49:31,669 --> 01:49:29,040
right it is trust me because i spent my

2415
01:49:33,830 --> 01:49:31,679
previous uh i guess life here at nasa at

2416
01:49:36,709 --> 01:49:33,840
one of the space centers in uh

2417
01:49:38,070 --> 01:49:36,719
um hampton virginia nelson langley as an

2418
01:49:39,189 --> 01:49:38,080
entry descent and landing engineer i

2419
01:49:41,030 --> 01:49:39,199
helped land actually spirited

2420
01:49:42,390 --> 01:49:41,040
opportunity as well as phoenix

2421
01:49:44,790 --> 01:49:42,400
so i know the challenge of landing

2422
01:49:47,270 --> 01:49:44,800
something uh we barely are able to do a

2423
01:49:49,669 --> 01:49:47,280
metric ton now when we send humans

2424
01:49:51,350 --> 01:49:49,679
we're trying to land 40 metric tons so

2425
01:49:53,510 --> 01:49:51,360
we landed a car

2426
01:49:55,669 --> 01:49:53,520
what we need to do is a two-story house

2427
01:49:57,750 --> 01:49:55,679
when we send humans to mars how do we do

2428
01:49:59,430 --> 01:49:57,760
that we don't have a good method of

2429
01:50:00,629 --> 01:49:59,440
doing that right now

2430
01:50:02,550 --> 01:50:00,639
and so some of the investments we're

2431
01:50:03,830 --> 01:50:02,560
doing is based on

2432
01:50:05,669 --> 01:50:03,840
trying to do those types of things i'll

2433
01:50:08,229 --> 01:50:05,679
walk you through a few of those

2434
01:50:09,910 --> 01:50:08,239
navigation figuring out how precisely we

2435
01:50:12,709 --> 01:50:09,920
can get there

2436
01:50:14,870 --> 01:50:12,719
manufacturing in space and and for space

2437
01:50:16,709 --> 01:50:14,880
we would like to you know create what we

2438
01:50:19,109 --> 01:50:16,719
need when we get there so if we take

2439
01:50:21,030 --> 01:50:19,119
what you've heard of 3d printers we can

2440
01:50:22,550 --> 01:50:21,040
manufacture tools if we need to right on

2441
01:50:23,590 --> 01:50:22,560
the spot if we don't have something of

2442
01:50:25,189 --> 01:50:23,600
course if we

2443
01:50:27,030 --> 01:50:25,199
didn't bring something and we need

2444
01:50:29,030 --> 01:50:27,040
something like that to uh

2445
01:50:30,390 --> 01:50:29,040
repair something or we find something on

2446
01:50:31,990 --> 01:50:30,400
the surface of mars that hey we really

2447
01:50:33,430 --> 01:50:32,000
would like a tool like this if we didn't

2448
01:50:34,950 --> 01:50:33,440
bring it we wouldn't be able to do it so

2449
01:50:36,070 --> 01:50:34,960
a lot of investments in 3d printing

2450
01:50:38,390 --> 01:50:36,080
we're trying to take it to the next

2451
01:50:40,870 --> 01:50:38,400
level where we can actually manufacture

2452
01:50:42,870 --> 01:50:40,880
the material we need and then once we're

2453
01:50:44,390 --> 01:50:42,880
done with it recycle it so that that

2454
01:50:47,669 --> 01:50:44,400
material can be used to create other

2455
01:50:49,350 --> 01:50:47,679
things we're also doing food

2456
01:50:50,709 --> 01:50:49,360
creation with 3d printers to see if we

2457
01:50:52,550 --> 01:50:50,719
can

2458
01:50:54,229 --> 01:50:52,560
develop food that way for the astronauts

2459
01:50:57,750 --> 01:50:54,239
to eat as opposed to getting some stuff

2460
01:50:59,109 --> 01:50:57,760
that's freeze-dried for years upon um

2461
01:51:00,950 --> 01:50:59,119
prior to them departing so we're making

2462
01:51:03,350 --> 01:51:00,960
investments and trying to figuring out

2463
01:51:06,390 --> 01:51:03,360
how to do those things real time

2464
01:51:08,470 --> 01:51:06,400
propulsion is a big aspect of how do we

2465
01:51:10,070 --> 01:51:08,480
go deeper into space more efficiently so

2466
01:51:11,910 --> 01:51:10,080
we can take much more infrastructure

2467
01:51:14,229 --> 01:51:11,920
where we need to um

2468
01:51:15,590 --> 01:51:14,239
to this point we've only done one-way

2469
01:51:17,189 --> 01:51:15,600
missions to mars

2470
01:51:18,870 --> 01:51:17,199
when we send humans there obviously we

2471
01:51:21,030 --> 01:51:18,880
want to bring them back so that would be

2472
01:51:23,910 --> 01:51:21,040
a round-trip mission there's no gas

2473
01:51:25,350 --> 01:51:23,920
stations on the way okay and so or

2474
01:51:27,510 --> 01:51:25,360
convenience stores uh for example for

2475
01:51:29,830 --> 01:51:27,520
food either so we have to take all that

2476
01:51:31,990 --> 01:51:29,840
with us and so we need a propulsion

2477
01:51:34,310 --> 01:51:32,000
system that will be very efficient to

2478
01:51:35,990 --> 01:51:34,320
minimize all what we need to take in

2479
01:51:38,149 --> 01:51:36,000
particular the fuel to be able to get to

2480
01:51:39,669 --> 01:51:38,159
mars do what we need to do there and

2481
01:51:42,070 --> 01:51:39,679
come all the way back

2482
01:51:43,830 --> 01:51:42,080
entry descending landing as i mentioned

2483
01:51:46,629 --> 01:51:43,840
we have to land something about the size

2484
01:51:48,070 --> 01:51:46,639
of a house a two-story house on the

2485
01:51:49,830 --> 01:51:48,080
surface of mars and i'll talk about some

2486
01:51:51,750 --> 01:51:49,840
of those investments uh we talked about

2487
01:51:53,030 --> 01:51:51,760
the seven minutes of terror uh the

2488
01:51:54,709 --> 01:51:53,040
reason why it's seven minutes is you

2489
01:51:56,870 --> 01:51:54,719
fall very quickly

2490
01:51:58,149 --> 01:51:56,880
we have to land something very large in

2491
01:51:59,910 --> 01:51:58,159
the same amount of time and how can we

2492
01:52:01,350 --> 01:51:59,920
land something that big

2493
01:52:03,270 --> 01:52:01,360
and then radiation protection obviously

2494
01:52:04,629 --> 01:52:03,280
when we go into deeper space we want to

2495
01:52:06,390 --> 01:52:04,639
make sure that the astronauts are well

2496
01:52:08,310 --> 01:52:06,400
taken care of and so we're making

2497
01:52:09,669 --> 01:52:08,320
investments in those areas as well next

2498
01:52:11,589 --> 01:52:09,679
chart

2499
01:52:12,550 --> 01:52:11,599
so i talked about in space propulsion

2500
01:52:14,390 --> 01:52:12,560
that is a

2501
01:52:16,070 --> 01:52:14,400
large tall temple that we need to get

2502
01:52:17,669 --> 01:52:16,080
over and one of the areas we're

2503
01:52:18,950 --> 01:52:17,679
investing in right now is solar electric

2504
01:52:21,270 --> 01:52:18,960
propulsion

2505
01:52:23,510 --> 01:52:21,280
because it is a very fuel efficient way

2506
01:52:24,870 --> 01:52:23,520
of sending things into deeper space or

2507
01:52:26,070 --> 01:52:24,880
even around low earth orbit for that

2508
01:52:28,310 --> 01:52:26,080
matter and i'll talk about that in the

2509
01:52:29,990 --> 01:52:28,320
next chart um

2510
01:52:32,229 --> 01:52:30,000
so we are investing in propulsion

2511
01:52:34,709 --> 01:52:32,239
systems that we can use uh new

2512
01:52:38,149 --> 01:52:34,719
methodologies to be able to send large

2513
01:52:40,229 --> 01:52:38,159
equipment at a very efficient low fuel

2514
01:52:41,910 --> 01:52:40,239
usage uh we're making investments in the

2515
01:52:44,310 --> 01:52:41,920
solar array technology how how we can

2516
01:52:47,750 --> 01:52:44,320
use the sun's energy to produce the

2517
01:52:49,990 --> 01:52:47,760
power that we need to expel a propellant

2518
01:52:51,990 --> 01:52:50,000
like argon or xenon some other type of

2519
01:52:53,910 --> 01:52:52,000
thing through an engine and what you see

2520
01:52:55,830 --> 01:52:53,920
in this thruster development as well as

2521
01:52:57,510 --> 01:52:55,840
a high power processing unit where when

2522
01:52:59,030 --> 01:52:57,520
you have something very high power that

2523
01:53:01,350 --> 01:52:59,040
you're generating with those solar

2524
01:53:02,870 --> 01:53:01,360
arrays you need to condition it so that

2525
01:53:04,390 --> 01:53:02,880
you can utilize it for the various

2526
01:53:06,310 --> 01:53:04,400
systems be it for propulsion like an

2527
01:53:07,830 --> 01:53:06,320
engine or the onboard computers and

2528
01:53:10,070 --> 01:53:07,840
everything else we're making investments

2529
01:53:12,550 --> 01:53:10,080
in that and then obviously

2530
01:53:14,470 --> 01:53:12,560
uh the structure of where we put the

2531
01:53:17,270 --> 01:53:14,480
fuel in uh the structure of the

2532
01:53:19,750 --> 01:53:17,280
spacecraft of finding lightweight strong

2533
01:53:21,109 --> 01:53:19,760
materials that allow us to uh be able to

2534
01:53:22,790 --> 01:53:21,119
put a spacecraft together that's very

2535
01:53:25,030 --> 01:53:22,800
lightweight and use that

2536
01:53:26,870 --> 01:53:25,040
uh savings to put into the useful

2537
01:53:28,709 --> 01:53:26,880
aspects that the astronauts need and the

2538
01:53:30,550 --> 01:53:28,719
equipment we need to go to the deeper

2539
01:53:33,270 --> 01:53:30,560
space so we're making huge investments

2540
01:53:36,070 --> 01:53:33,280
in solar publishing right now

2541
01:53:38,229 --> 01:53:36,080
that will go towards uh testing out in

2542
01:53:39,189 --> 01:53:38,239
the asteroid

2543
01:53:41,350 --> 01:53:39,199
return

2544
01:53:43,589 --> 01:53:41,360
mission that you many of you heard about

2545
01:53:45,270 --> 01:53:43,599
as jim mentioned we did steps from a

2546
01:53:46,950 --> 01:53:45,280
small rover to kind of get our feet wet

2547
01:53:48,950 --> 01:53:46,960
figuring out how to do that on mars the

2548
01:53:50,470 --> 01:53:48,960
larger ones and then ones like you

2549
01:53:51,669 --> 01:53:50,480
see here with curiosity we're going to

2550
01:53:53,910 --> 01:53:51,679
take the same approach with many of

2551
01:53:55,589 --> 01:53:53,920
these systems is test them out with uh

2552
01:53:57,430 --> 01:53:55,599
for example this asteroid

2553
01:53:59,910 --> 01:53:57,440
retrieval mission of the propulsion

2554
01:54:02,149 --> 01:53:59,920
system um how we can we do autonomously

2555
01:54:03,189 --> 01:54:02,159
all these aspects of operating in space

2556
01:54:05,109 --> 01:54:03,199
when uh

2557
01:54:06,229 --> 01:54:05,119
uh at distances when humans aren't

2558
01:54:08,709 --> 01:54:06,239
nearby

2559
01:54:11,189 --> 01:54:08,719
and then also when we bring this

2560
01:54:13,270 --> 01:54:11,199
asteroid closer to us about how

2561
01:54:15,030 --> 01:54:13,280
astronauts will live and work in space

2562
01:54:17,189 --> 01:54:15,040
going and looking at this asteroid so

2563
01:54:19,350 --> 01:54:17,199
those types of investments is what will

2564
01:54:20,709 --> 01:54:19,360
allow us to do by working on this

2565
01:54:22,390 --> 01:54:20,719
asteroid retrieval mission and

2566
01:54:25,109 --> 01:54:22,400
propulsion system here would be one of

2567
01:54:27,030 --> 01:54:25,119
the major elements of that next slide

2568
01:54:29,510 --> 01:54:27,040
one of the aspects of solar teleco

2569
01:54:30,790 --> 01:54:29,520
propulsion which is scp

2570
01:54:32,629 --> 01:54:30,800
is you can do so many different things

2571
01:54:34,550 --> 01:54:32,639
with it and here's just a list of few of

2572
01:54:36,950 --> 01:54:34,560
them where in low earth orbit you can do

2573
01:54:39,030 --> 01:54:36,960
satellite servicing where if you want to

2574
01:54:41,109 --> 01:54:39,040
refuel a satellite or repair a satellite

2575
01:54:43,430 --> 01:54:41,119
you can use this a very efficient way of

2576
01:54:45,510 --> 01:54:43,440
getting to it repairing it moving on uh

2577
01:54:46,950 --> 01:54:45,520
delivering payload to higher orbits we

2578
01:54:49,030 --> 01:54:46,960
use a traditional rocket to get into a

2579
01:54:50,550 --> 01:54:49,040
lower orbit and use the solar propulsion

2580
01:54:52,470 --> 01:54:50,560
to boost it the rest of the way it's

2581
01:54:55,669 --> 01:54:52,480
much more cost effective and fuel

2582
01:54:58,870 --> 01:54:55,679
efficient than uh systems we have now

2583
01:55:01,270 --> 01:54:58,880
uh overall debris uh removal and and

2584
01:55:03,189 --> 01:55:01,280
moving uh so that we can get things out

2585
01:55:05,030 --> 01:55:03,199
of the way that the space junk uh it

2586
01:55:06,709 --> 01:55:05,040
will make those types of activities much

2587
01:55:08,790 --> 01:55:06,719
more cost effective

2588
01:55:10,629 --> 01:55:08,800
as well as other missions we want to do

2589
01:55:12,070 --> 01:55:10,639
uh in the solar system where it can send

2590
01:55:14,709 --> 01:55:12,080
things out further

2591
01:55:16,470 --> 01:55:14,719
in a much more cost effective manner

2592
01:55:18,790 --> 01:55:16,480
than traditional rockets that we have

2593
01:55:21,669 --> 01:55:18,800
today so it allows us to do a cross

2594
01:55:23,109 --> 01:55:21,679
cutting type of capability uh with this

2595
01:55:25,030 --> 01:55:23,119
type of investment

2596
01:55:26,870 --> 01:55:25,040
next slide

2597
01:55:29,030 --> 01:55:26,880
so i hear you know it's talked about the

2598
01:55:30,790 --> 01:55:29,040
mars the challenges of deep space but

2599
01:55:32,229 --> 01:55:30,800
here specifically going on mars

2600
01:55:34,070 --> 01:55:32,239
challenges i'm not sure if you can read

2601
01:55:35,430 --> 01:55:34,080
all the sl the wording on there so i'll

2602
01:55:36,870 --> 01:55:35,440
walk you through a few of them and the

2603
01:55:39,350 --> 01:55:36,880
charts will be available for you guys to

2604
01:55:40,870 --> 01:55:39,360
look on the website but surface power i

2605
01:55:42,629 --> 01:55:40,880
talked about that once you get to mars

2606
01:55:44,310 --> 01:55:42,639
what are you going to do

2607
01:55:45,990 --> 01:55:44,320
in terms of power that the astronauts

2608
01:55:47,669 --> 01:55:46,000
will leave and the equipment to be able

2609
01:55:48,870 --> 01:55:47,679
to do everything we need

2610
01:55:50,149 --> 01:55:48,880
life support

2611
01:55:51,990 --> 01:55:50,159
we're making investments and i'll talk

2612
01:55:55,030 --> 01:55:52,000
about a few of these when on the next

2613
01:55:56,629 --> 01:55:55,040
chart when we get there um operating uh

2614
01:55:58,149 --> 01:55:56,639
on the surface operations how do you go

2615
01:56:01,030 --> 01:55:58,159
about doing that with robots and things

2616
01:56:02,709 --> 01:56:01,040
to help the astronauts multitask in many

2617
01:56:04,070 --> 01:56:02,719
ways to be able to do that

2618
01:56:06,709 --> 01:56:04,080
um

2619
01:56:07,750 --> 01:56:06,719
mars resource utilization

2620
01:56:09,030 --> 01:56:07,760
and

2621
01:56:10,310 --> 01:56:09,040
ascent from surface you know as i

2622
01:56:11,669 --> 01:56:10,320
mentioned we've only done one-way

2623
01:56:13,510 --> 01:56:11,679
missions to this point

2624
01:56:15,990 --> 01:56:13,520
so if we send humans to the surface of

2625
01:56:17,669 --> 01:56:16,000
mars we want to launch them back up

2626
01:56:19,270 --> 01:56:17,679
and be able to come back and we want to

2627
01:56:20,629 --> 01:56:19,280
in essence live off the land to be able

2628
01:56:21,830 --> 01:56:20,639
to do that

2629
01:56:23,589 --> 01:56:21,840
entry to sun landing i talk about

2630
01:56:25,270 --> 01:56:23,599
communications and getting to mars in

2631
01:56:26,550 --> 01:56:25,280
terms of in-space propulsion are many of

2632
01:56:28,390 --> 01:56:26,560
the same challenges about going deep

2633
01:56:30,629 --> 01:56:28,400
space as going to mars as well next

2634
01:56:32,870 --> 01:56:30,639
slide

2635
01:56:35,350 --> 01:56:32,880
um this chart basically just takes some

2636
01:56:37,270 --> 01:56:35,360
of the solutions that we have into those

2637
01:56:39,430 --> 01:56:37,280
eight elements that i just talked about

2638
01:56:40,870 --> 01:56:39,440
um i will focus more on the next slide

2639
01:56:42,310 --> 01:56:40,880
but it just gives you a few of the areas

2640
01:56:45,430 --> 01:56:42,320
so we're talking about a surface power

2641
01:56:46,950 --> 01:56:45,440
of fuel cells and batteries as well as

2642
01:56:48,790 --> 01:56:46,960
in life support a closed-loop life

2643
01:56:50,550 --> 01:56:48,800
support system so we can recycle all the

2644
01:56:52,390 --> 01:56:50,560
material that's going on for the

2645
01:56:54,149 --> 01:56:52,400
astronauts and so the amount of water we

2646
01:56:55,750 --> 01:56:54,159
need to bring the oxygen we need to

2647
01:56:57,270 --> 01:56:55,760
bring will be minimized to be able to

2648
01:56:59,109 --> 01:56:57,280
reuse those so just a couple of those

2649
01:57:01,109 --> 01:56:59,119
elements that uh solutions that we're

2650
01:57:02,950 --> 01:57:01,119
talking about next slide

2651
01:57:05,270 --> 01:57:02,960
so let me talk about a few of the

2652
01:57:06,629 --> 01:57:05,280
elements that in our stmd space

2653
01:57:08,629 --> 01:57:06,639
technology mission director which stands

2654
01:57:10,229 --> 01:57:08,639
for the advancements we are making

2655
01:57:11,669 --> 01:57:10,239
you can see on the right hand side there

2656
01:57:13,270 --> 01:57:11,679
on my right

2657
01:57:15,669 --> 01:57:13,280
entry descended land there's a lot of

2658
01:57:17,990 --> 01:57:15,679
activities going on the reason being is

2659
01:57:19,589 --> 01:57:18,000
we don't know how to land 40 metric tons

2660
01:57:21,189 --> 01:57:19,599
and we're trying to figure out systems

2661
01:57:22,709 --> 01:57:21,199
to be able to do that and we're trying

2662
01:57:24,790 --> 01:57:22,719
to do many different types because we're

2663
01:57:26,790 --> 01:57:24,800
not going to know which one is going to

2664
01:57:28,629 --> 01:57:26,800
win out in terms of the best capability

2665
01:57:30,229 --> 01:57:28,639
but also when you land something going

2666
01:57:32,070 --> 01:57:30,239
13 000 miles per hour when you get to

2667
01:57:34,470 --> 01:57:32,080
mars you have to go through every flight

2668
01:57:35,910 --> 01:57:34,480
regime to get to the ground

2669
01:57:37,750 --> 01:57:35,920
while if you're in an airplane you go

2670
01:57:39,510 --> 01:57:37,760
all subsonic so you're only you know

2671
01:57:40,790 --> 01:57:39,520
remain in one flight regime you have to

2672
01:57:42,870 --> 01:57:40,800
have different systems and all these

2673
01:57:44,550 --> 01:57:42,880
different hyper uh flight regimes to be

2674
01:57:46,470 --> 01:57:44,560
able to land some uh these types of

2675
01:57:47,910 --> 01:57:46,480
things and so you need systems in all

2676
01:57:49,350 --> 01:57:47,920
those different areas and so we need to

2677
01:57:50,950 --> 01:57:49,360
make investments to figure out how best

2678
01:57:52,790 --> 01:57:50,960
to slow down in those different speed

2679
01:57:54,310 --> 01:57:52,800
regimes to be able to do that

2680
01:57:56,470 --> 01:57:54,320
we're making investments in life support

2681
01:57:58,550 --> 01:57:56,480
for closed loop

2682
01:57:59,910 --> 01:57:58,560
systems uh we're testing those out on

2683
01:58:01,990 --> 01:57:59,920
the ground right now and we will test

2684
01:58:03,189 --> 01:58:02,000
them on on the space station so that we

2685
01:58:04,709 --> 01:58:03,199
can demonstrate them that they are

2686
01:58:06,149 --> 01:58:04,719
working properly like we need to to get

2687
01:58:08,149 --> 01:58:06,159
the higher reliability to be able to

2688
01:58:09,109 --> 01:58:08,159
send humans deeper into uh

2689
01:58:11,030 --> 01:58:09,119
mars

2690
01:58:12,790 --> 01:58:11,040
go on to the next slide

2691
01:58:15,350 --> 01:58:12,800
here's a few more investments in terms

2692
01:58:17,350 --> 01:58:15,360
of mars resource utilization let me kind

2693
01:58:18,790 --> 01:58:17,360
of leave you with this um

2694
01:58:21,270 --> 01:58:18,800
uh thought wise

2695
01:58:22,790 --> 01:58:21,280
um you know i spent uh most of my career

2696
01:58:24,070 --> 01:58:22,800
at nasa langley and hampton virginia

2697
01:58:25,990 --> 01:58:24,080
just

2698
01:58:28,870 --> 01:58:26,000
south part of virginia

2699
01:58:31,189 --> 01:58:28,880
jamestown settlement is just a handful

2700
01:58:33,430 --> 01:58:31,199
of miles up the coast when the settlers

2701
01:58:34,790 --> 01:58:33,440
came here uh maybe settlers weren't the

2702
01:58:36,790 --> 01:58:34,800
right word but the explorers came here

2703
01:58:38,950 --> 01:58:36,800
long ago um they brought what they

2704
01:58:40,950 --> 01:58:38,960
needed to come to the new land

2705
01:58:42,550 --> 01:58:40,960
just for the transit and then they lift

2706
01:58:43,589 --> 01:58:42,560
off they lived off the land once they

2707
01:58:45,350 --> 01:58:43,599
got here

2708
01:58:46,950 --> 01:58:45,360
this is what we're trying to do with

2709
01:58:49,750 --> 01:58:46,960
human missions to mars because if we if

2710
01:58:52,149 --> 01:58:49,760
those uh ships that i had to bring

2711
01:58:53,910 --> 01:58:52,159
everything there with them to live in

2712
01:58:55,189 --> 01:58:53,920
the jamestown area

2713
01:58:57,109 --> 01:58:55,199
that endeavor would have been so

2714
01:58:59,430 --> 01:58:57,119
expensive and so large that would have

2715
01:59:01,669 --> 01:58:59,440
made it very prohibitive for anyone to

2716
01:59:03,270 --> 01:59:01,679
authorize to go you know and when we go

2717
01:59:04,950 --> 01:59:03,280
to mars we have to bring the air with us

2718
01:59:06,950 --> 01:59:04,960
too not just the water to drink or

2719
01:59:08,629 --> 01:59:06,960
something like that and so we want to do

2720
01:59:11,270 --> 01:59:08,639
something similar when we go with humans

2721
01:59:13,189 --> 01:59:11,280
to mars where we utilize the atmosphere

2722
01:59:15,030 --> 01:59:13,199
there on mars to be able to extract the

2723
01:59:16,950 --> 01:59:15,040
oxygen from so that we don't have to

2724
01:59:18,070 --> 01:59:16,960
bring all that oxygen with us so that we

2725
01:59:19,910 --> 01:59:18,080
can use that to breathe for the

2726
01:59:23,030 --> 01:59:19,920
astronauts we can make rocket fuel out

2727
01:59:24,390 --> 01:59:23,040
of it uh freeze it uh so that it's

2728
01:59:25,990 --> 01:59:24,400
liquid oxygen that we can use for

2729
01:59:26,950 --> 01:59:26,000
propellant so that we can launch off the

2730
01:59:29,430 --> 01:59:26,960
surface

2731
01:59:31,030 --> 01:59:29,440
so we want to do move and explore in a

2732
01:59:32,709 --> 01:59:31,040
very similar manner that we've done in

2733
01:59:34,229 --> 01:59:32,719
the past so that we can live off the

2734
01:59:36,709 --> 01:59:34,239
land to make all these missions very

2735
01:59:39,189 --> 01:59:36,719
cost effective and more efficient to be

2736
01:59:41,270 --> 01:59:39,199
able to uh conduct what we're trying to

2737
01:59:43,030 --> 01:59:41,280
do which is explore mars

2738
01:59:44,950 --> 01:59:43,040
in a much more

2739
01:59:46,950 --> 01:59:44,960
aggressive manner so that we can

2740
01:59:48,470 --> 01:59:46,960
actually really get a sense of are we

2741
01:59:50,470 --> 01:59:48,480
alone in the universe

2742
01:59:52,149 --> 01:59:50,480
um we're making many other investments

2743
01:59:53,589 --> 01:59:52,159
and those are just a few that i wanted

2744
01:59:55,510 --> 01:59:53,599
to talk about right now and i'll be

2745
02:00:00,870 --> 01:59:55,520
happy to take some questions

2746
02:00:05,430 --> 02:00:02,950
here in the uh here in the front lauren

2747
02:00:07,030 --> 02:00:05,440
i'm sorry in the go ahead

2748
02:00:09,350 --> 02:00:07,040
hey so you were talking about using

2749
02:00:11,430 --> 02:00:09,360
entry entry descent landing for uh human

2750
02:00:13,030 --> 02:00:11,440
exploration uh is there a physical

2751
02:00:13,830 --> 02:00:13,040
limitation to the amount of mass you can

2752
02:00:16,390 --> 02:00:13,840
bring

2753
02:00:18,550 --> 02:00:16,400
to another planet with that uh so

2754
02:00:21,030 --> 02:00:18,560
the only the only physical limitation is

2755
02:00:23,189 --> 02:00:21,040
what our systems would be capable of

2756
02:00:25,270 --> 02:00:23,199
either launching off the surface or once

2757
02:00:26,629 --> 02:00:25,280
we get there being able to slow down and

2758
02:00:28,070 --> 02:00:26,639
so it really comes down to what kind of

2759
02:00:30,229 --> 02:00:28,080
system do you design

2760
02:00:31,830 --> 02:00:30,239
um and right now we're limited to about

2761
02:00:33,750 --> 02:00:31,840
one metric ton because of the type of

2762
02:00:35,669 --> 02:00:33,760
technology we have to be able to land it

2763
02:00:37,910 --> 02:00:35,679
and so if we improve that technology

2764
02:00:39,510 --> 02:00:37,920
we'll be able to increase that uh

2765
02:00:41,430 --> 02:00:39,520
payload to be able to get to the surface

2766
02:00:42,629 --> 02:00:41,440
but there is no physics reason why we

2767
02:00:46,070 --> 02:00:42,639
can't land

2768
02:00:46,080 --> 02:00:50,390
here we go here to the front

2769
02:00:53,669 --> 02:00:52,229
what's the status of the laser

2770
02:00:55,109 --> 02:00:53,679
communication

2771
02:00:57,430 --> 02:00:55,119
technology that they're trying to use

2772
02:00:58,709 --> 02:00:57,440
from the space station

2773
02:01:01,589 --> 02:00:58,719
is it on

2774
02:01:03,990 --> 02:01:01,599
on track okay so so we have uh

2775
02:01:06,470 --> 02:01:04,000
a investment right now in our laser

2776
02:01:07,750 --> 02:01:06,480
communications relay demonstration where

2777
02:01:10,470 --> 02:01:07,760
in a few years we're going to

2778
02:01:12,310 --> 02:01:10,480
demonstrate uh optical communications

2779
02:01:14,470 --> 02:01:12,320
from orbit down to the ground to be able

2780
02:01:16,870 --> 02:01:14,480
to get much higher speeds of bandwidth

2781
02:01:20,229 --> 02:01:16,880
there it is progressing very well

2782
02:01:23,189 --> 02:01:20,239
um we hope to by 2017 launch it and be

2783
02:01:25,109 --> 02:01:23,199
able to do that demonstration um we also

2784
02:01:26,470 --> 02:01:25,119
are looking at deeper space uh

2785
02:01:28,390 --> 02:01:26,480
communications with that that's a low

2786
02:01:30,149 --> 02:01:28,400
earth orbit communication i shouldn't

2787
02:01:31,910 --> 02:01:30,159
say lower from geosynchronous orbit

2788
02:01:34,149 --> 02:01:31,920
orbit down to the ground so we'd be able

2789
02:01:35,589 --> 02:01:34,159
to do entire vicinity of the earth

2790
02:01:37,910 --> 02:01:35,599
we are trying to extend that to even

2791
02:01:39,750 --> 02:01:37,920
further deeper deep space activity and

2792
02:01:41,109 --> 02:01:39,760
so we have early investments in what it

2793
02:01:42,870 --> 02:01:41,119
would take to extend that capability

2794
02:01:44,390 --> 02:01:42,880
even further out in terms of into the

2795
02:01:46,709 --> 02:01:44,400
solar system and we're making those

2796
02:01:48,470 --> 02:01:46,719
assessments now as well and so hopefully

2797
02:01:51,109 --> 02:01:48,480
in a few years we will be able to get a

2798
02:01:53,189 --> 02:01:51,119
optical system for communications for

2799
02:01:55,030 --> 02:01:53,199
not only nasa's use but for commercial

2800
02:01:56,790 --> 02:01:55,040
use where all those communication

2801
02:01:58,950 --> 02:01:56,800
satellites in geostationary orbit will

2802
02:02:01,830 --> 02:01:58,960
be able to provide that as a service to

2803
02:02:05,189 --> 02:02:01,840
everyone on the ground for much more

2804
02:02:07,510 --> 02:02:05,199
bandwidth capability than we have now

2805
02:02:10,390 --> 02:02:07,520
let's go to social media for a question

2806
02:02:11,830 --> 02:02:10,400
sure so google plus user josh asks based

2807
02:02:13,669 --> 02:02:11,840
on what you have learned from curiosity

2808
02:02:15,510 --> 02:02:13,679
in the last year are there hardware

2809
02:02:17,030 --> 02:02:15,520
changes that you wish it possessed if

2810
02:02:21,350 --> 02:02:17,040
you had to rebuild curiosity from

2811
02:02:24,550 --> 02:02:22,950
how many hours does he have to talk

2812
02:02:26,629 --> 02:02:24,560
about no um

2813
02:02:28,470 --> 02:02:26,639
entry descent and landing is a very

2814
02:02:29,750 --> 02:02:28,480
difficult endeavor just

2815
02:02:31,270 --> 02:02:29,760
aspect

2816
02:02:32,790 --> 02:02:31,280
one of the things that we call mars the

2817
02:02:35,669 --> 02:02:32,800
goldilocks plan

2818
02:02:38,229 --> 02:02:35,679
the reason being there is uh not enough

2819
02:02:39,510 --> 02:02:38,239
atmosphere to really help you slow down

2820
02:02:41,430 --> 02:02:39,520
what you need like you do at earth when

2821
02:02:42,950 --> 02:02:41,440
you come down it slows us down so much

2822
02:02:45,430 --> 02:02:42,960
that it makes it much easier to land

2823
02:02:47,589 --> 02:02:45,440
heavier things on mars on earth other

2824
02:02:49,350 --> 02:02:47,599
than mars but there's just enough

2825
02:02:50,709 --> 02:02:49,360
atmosphere that you have to worry about

2826
02:02:52,070 --> 02:02:50,719
all these other things

2827
02:02:53,189 --> 02:02:52,080
uh if you land on the moon you don't

2828
02:02:54,550 --> 02:02:53,199
have to worry about thermal protection

2829
02:02:56,629 --> 02:02:54,560
systems because there's no atmosphere

2830
02:02:58,709 --> 02:02:56,639
you just propulsively come down slow and

2831
02:03:01,270 --> 02:02:58,719
land things and so

2832
02:03:03,990 --> 02:03:01,280
for curiosity um we're not going to make

2833
02:03:05,669 --> 02:03:04,000
any changes for the next uh landing that

2834
02:03:07,910 --> 02:03:05,679
uh the previous speaker talked about for

2835
02:03:11,270 --> 02:03:07,920
uh landing in 2020 the system worked

2836
02:03:13,270 --> 02:03:11,280
great uh we always have data that we get

2837
02:03:15,510 --> 02:03:13,280
back from there and we in fact had our

2838
02:03:17,109 --> 02:03:15,520
heat shield

2839
02:03:20,550 --> 02:03:17,119
on curiosity

2840
02:03:22,229 --> 02:03:20,560
instrumented with sensors that we are

2841
02:03:24,790 --> 02:03:22,239
downloading the data and analyzing it

2842
02:03:26,470 --> 02:03:24,800
right now on how everything went and

2843
02:03:28,470 --> 02:03:26,480
based on that we would make what we

2844
02:03:30,790 --> 02:03:28,480
think are best adjustments to that

2845
02:03:32,790 --> 02:03:30,800
before we do go on to the next landing

2846
02:03:36,310 --> 02:03:32,800
um but everything we saw it worked very

2847
02:03:38,149 --> 02:03:36,320
well um i think uh we in one thing is we

2848
02:03:40,229 --> 02:03:38,159
didn't use as much fuel that we had put

2849
02:03:41,589 --> 02:03:40,239
on the system and so we can look at

2850
02:03:43,430 --> 02:03:41,599
trades of hey

2851
02:03:45,109 --> 02:03:43,440
since it went so well we can minimize

2852
02:03:46,390 --> 02:03:45,119
the fuel we put on there and add more

2853
02:03:48,149 --> 02:03:46,400
payload capability to put more

2854
02:03:49,430 --> 02:03:48,159
instruments to figure out one on mars so

2855
02:03:50,870 --> 02:03:49,440
we would talk about those types of

2856
02:03:52,709 --> 02:03:50,880
changes but the system worked so well

2857
02:03:54,550 --> 02:03:52,719
that i don't believe we were going to do

2858
02:03:56,149 --> 02:03:54,560
any wholesale changes except some tweaks

2859
02:03:58,709 --> 02:03:56,159
here and there to just improve the

2860
02:04:00,790 --> 02:03:58,719
performance from where it was

2861
02:04:02,310 --> 02:04:00,800
okay please help me uh thank prost and

2862
02:04:06,229 --> 02:04:02,320
desai everyone thank you

2863
02:04:09,669 --> 02:04:07,510
all right

2864
02:04:10,870 --> 02:04:09,679
we are closing in on our conversation

2865
02:04:13,350 --> 02:04:10,880
with the international space station

2866
02:04:15,270 --> 02:04:13,360
about 20 minutes from now which means

2867
02:04:16,629 --> 02:04:15,280
i don't know it'll travel a quarter of

2868
02:04:19,270 --> 02:04:16,639
the earth

2869
02:04:21,270 --> 02:04:19,280
in in orbit between now and then uh here

2870
02:04:22,470 --> 02:04:21,280
to help us understand a little bit more

2871
02:04:25,430 --> 02:04:22,480
about some of the research and

2872
02:04:28,950 --> 02:04:25,440
technology that's uh taking place above

2873
02:04:30,629 --> 02:04:28,960
our heads some 220 miles moving 17 500

2874
02:04:32,070 --> 02:04:30,639
miles an hour and orbiting the earth

2875
02:04:33,510 --> 02:04:32,080
every 90 minutes in a national

2876
02:04:36,229 --> 02:04:33,520
laboratory that's helping solve some of

2877
02:04:38,149 --> 02:04:36,239
these challenges that you just heard

2878
02:04:39,750 --> 02:04:38,159
the our next speaker actually directs

2879
02:04:41,589 --> 02:04:39,760
the international space station program

2880
02:04:49,109 --> 02:04:41,599
here at nasa headquarters in washington

2881
02:04:53,750 --> 02:04:50,550
thank you trent

2882
02:04:55,750 --> 02:04:53,760
next slide please

2883
02:04:57,910 --> 02:04:55,760
well while one part of nasa has been

2884
02:04:59,350 --> 02:04:57,920
launching uh robots to mars and

2885
02:05:01,750 --> 02:04:59,360
exploring the service another part has

2886
02:05:03,910 --> 02:05:01,760
been launching people into space on to

2887
02:05:06,629 --> 02:05:03,920
the international space station

2888
02:05:08,149 --> 02:05:06,639
uh we are today and for several years

2889
02:05:11,109 --> 02:05:08,159
now and many years in the future are

2890
02:05:12,870 --> 02:05:11,119
working to send uh to do the research

2891
02:05:15,830 --> 02:05:12,880
and technology demonstrations onboard

2892
02:05:18,550 --> 02:05:15,840
space station to get humans to mars

2893
02:05:21,270 --> 02:05:18,560
uh next slide please

2894
02:05:23,030 --> 02:05:21,280
well mike ask where we are today as far

2895
02:05:25,830 --> 02:05:23,040
as getting people out into space well

2896
02:05:28,629 --> 02:05:25,840
today the space station is about 400

2897
02:05:30,870 --> 02:05:28,639
kilometers away from earth it only takes

2898
02:05:32,629 --> 02:05:30,880
about six hours to two days transit time

2899
02:05:35,189 --> 02:05:32,639
to go back and forth and the

2900
02:05:36,950 --> 02:05:35,199
communications is near real time

2901
02:05:38,629 --> 02:05:36,960
and we have crew exchanges that go back

2902
02:05:39,589 --> 02:05:38,639
and forth every six months for the

2903
02:05:41,589 --> 02:05:39,599
station

2904
02:05:43,669 --> 02:05:41,599
and we have atmospheric samples and crew

2905
02:05:45,669 --> 02:05:43,679
samples that come back to earth that can

2906
02:05:47,990 --> 02:05:45,679
be analyzed to detect if the crew is

2907
02:05:49,589 --> 02:05:48,000
healthy the atmosphere is healthy our

2908
02:05:51,510 --> 02:05:49,599
research samples and the things of that

2909
02:05:53,189 --> 02:05:51,520
nature and we have supplies and

2910
02:05:55,510 --> 02:05:53,199
logistics that get launched to space

2911
02:05:57,990 --> 02:05:55,520
station that way we can repair things

2912
02:06:02,229 --> 02:05:58,000
and get extra supplies up

2913
02:06:04,149 --> 02:06:02,239
we also have things as mundane as

2914
02:06:06,470 --> 02:06:04,159
removing trash from the space station

2915
02:06:08,470 --> 02:06:06,480
that burns up into the atmosphere

2916
02:06:10,870 --> 02:06:08,480
and most importantly is that we can

2917
02:06:13,189 --> 02:06:10,880
return the crew at practically any time

2918
02:06:16,629 --> 02:06:13,199
to come back in case of a on orbit

2919
02:06:18,709 --> 02:06:16,639
anomaly or a crew emergency

2920
02:06:20,790 --> 02:06:18,719
so what you're looking at today what we

2921
02:06:22,709 --> 02:06:20,800
have in space for our technology and our

2922
02:06:24,470 --> 02:06:22,719
knowledge we're basically just car

2923
02:06:26,310 --> 02:06:24,480
camping in space

2924
02:06:27,910 --> 02:06:26,320
if you've ever been car camping before

2925
02:06:30,550 --> 02:06:27,920
you take your car you build everything

2926
02:06:32,790 --> 02:06:30,560
up you need you that you need and you go

2927
02:06:35,430 --> 02:06:32,800
to a campsite if you get something you

2928
02:06:38,310 --> 02:06:35,440
go to walmart if you fall down and hurt

2929
02:06:40,149 --> 02:06:38,320
yourself you go to the hospital it's all

2930
02:06:42,310 --> 02:06:40,159
very convenient

2931
02:06:44,790 --> 02:06:42,320
next slide please

2932
02:06:47,430 --> 02:06:44,800
however mars isn't anything like that it

2933
02:06:50,470 --> 02:06:47,440
is completely different to go to mars we

2934
02:06:52,950 --> 02:06:50,480
have to build a capability and knowledge

2935
02:06:54,870 --> 02:06:52,960
to essentially live

2936
02:06:56,310 --> 02:06:54,880
on another earth to recreate a

2937
02:06:58,550 --> 02:06:56,320
capability what we just heard about

2938
02:07:00,390 --> 02:06:58,560
before in technology and the like to

2939
02:07:01,510 --> 02:07:00,400
provide our own atmospheres to remove

2940
02:07:03,830 --> 02:07:01,520
our trash

2941
02:07:06,229 --> 02:07:03,840
to be able to uh

2942
02:07:08,870 --> 02:07:06,239
keep the crew healthy all those things

2943
02:07:10,550 --> 02:07:08,880
has never been done before

2944
02:07:13,270 --> 02:07:10,560
neither here on earth has never been

2945
02:07:15,350 --> 02:07:13,280
recreated in an environment for such a

2946
02:07:18,550 --> 02:07:15,360
long period as mentioned before the

2947
02:07:20,870 --> 02:07:18,560
transit time to going to mars is one to

2948
02:07:22,390 --> 02:07:20,880
three years to go back and forth and our

2949
02:07:24,709 --> 02:07:22,400
communication

2950
02:07:27,350 --> 02:07:24,719
when we get to mars is up to 42 minutes

2951
02:07:29,030 --> 02:07:27,360
round trip there is no link between

2952
02:07:32,149 --> 02:07:29,040
earth and mars other than the

2953
02:07:34,550 --> 02:07:32,159
communications so on space station today

2954
02:07:36,550 --> 02:07:34,560
we are learning how to break all those

2955
02:07:39,030 --> 02:07:36,560
links not only just how to keep the crew

2956
02:07:41,189 --> 02:07:39,040
alive and healthy and productive but to

2957
02:07:43,990 --> 02:07:41,199
break all the logistics chain

2958
02:07:45,510 --> 02:07:44,000
break all the uh uh logistics the

2959
02:07:47,910 --> 02:07:45,520
delicious this has changed the

2960
02:07:50,149 --> 02:07:47,920
capability to return the crew safely

2961
02:07:53,350 --> 02:07:50,159
when we're going on to mars and once you

2962
02:07:55,030 --> 02:07:53,360
uh uh pass a certain point you can't get

2963
02:07:57,189 --> 02:07:55,040
back to earth

2964
02:07:59,270 --> 02:07:57,199
uh easily you have to actually go all

2965
02:08:01,270 --> 02:07:59,280
the way there and then come back and

2966
02:08:03,750 --> 02:08:01,280
then you've got orbital dynamics to take

2967
02:08:06,470 --> 02:08:03,760
to consider you can't come back just at

2968
02:08:07,990 --> 02:08:06,480
any time only predetermined times

2969
02:08:10,069 --> 02:08:08,000
so what are we doing on space station

2970
02:08:11,430 --> 02:08:10,079
today next slide

2971
02:08:13,189 --> 02:08:11,440
we're doing a whole lot of things and

2972
02:08:14,310 --> 02:08:13,199
i'm just going to only highlight a few

2973
02:08:17,750 --> 02:08:14,320
of them here

2974
02:08:19,910 --> 02:08:17,760
uh first is the duration today our crews

2975
02:08:22,790 --> 02:08:19,920
are rotated every six months on space

2976
02:08:24,709 --> 02:08:22,800
station and we have uh and our research

2977
02:08:25,830 --> 02:08:24,719
and our crew health is all based on six

2978
02:08:28,229 --> 02:08:25,840
months

2979
02:08:29,669 --> 02:08:28,239
uh time frame but to send people to mars

2980
02:08:31,750 --> 02:08:29,679
it's going to take at least a year to

2981
02:08:34,310 --> 02:08:31,760
get there and back so we need to be able

2982
02:08:35,750 --> 02:08:34,320
to understand the effects of weightless

2983
02:08:38,790 --> 02:08:35,760
weightlessness and radiation on the

2984
02:08:41,189 --> 02:08:38,800
human body so starting in 2015 we'll

2985
02:08:44,069 --> 02:08:41,199
start our first one-year crew increment

2986
02:08:47,350 --> 02:08:44,079
uh to understand the effects of bone

2987
02:08:50,550 --> 02:08:47,360
loss and muscle loss on on on longer

2988
02:08:51,910 --> 02:08:50,560
periods also in our on ocular vision uh

2989
02:08:54,709 --> 02:08:51,920
we've uh

2990
02:08:56,149 --> 02:08:54,719
had some uh issues with ocular vision on

2991
02:08:58,229 --> 02:08:56,159
on the astronauts that have been on

2992
02:08:59,830 --> 02:08:58,239
board space station for six months so

2993
02:09:03,750 --> 02:08:59,840
learning how to do that to keep the crew

2994
02:09:05,589 --> 02:09:03,760
healthy uh and to keep them uh

2995
02:09:07,030 --> 02:09:05,599
psychologically healthy and things of

2996
02:09:08,950 --> 02:09:07,040
that nature we're going to try that for

2997
02:09:10,709 --> 02:09:08,960
the first time in 2015 for a one-year

2998
02:09:13,109 --> 02:09:10,719
crew increment

2999
02:09:15,589 --> 02:09:13,119
starting on the right side

3000
02:09:17,350 --> 02:09:15,599
uh is is the second most important thing

3001
02:09:19,830 --> 02:09:17,360
is environmental control and monitoring

3002
02:09:22,310 --> 02:09:19,840
system today it takes a lot of

3003
02:09:24,709 --> 02:09:22,320
maintenance and a lot of crew time and

3004
02:09:26,149 --> 02:09:24,719
ground time to keep the environmental

3005
02:09:28,550 --> 02:09:26,159
control and life support system

3006
02:09:31,109 --> 02:09:28,560
functioning properly we are making

3007
02:09:33,750 --> 02:09:31,119
modifications to the system today to

3008
02:09:34,709 --> 02:09:33,760
increase its reliability and performance

3009
02:09:36,709 --> 02:09:34,719
and

3010
02:09:38,950 --> 02:09:36,719
in the next few years we hope to have

3011
02:09:40,950 --> 02:09:38,960
the marsh system for e for the

3012
02:09:43,270 --> 02:09:40,960
environmental control system on station

3013
02:09:46,629 --> 02:09:43,280
operating and it'll be that system that

3014
02:09:49,270 --> 02:09:46,639
we fly on on the iss that we take to the

3015
02:09:51,270 --> 02:09:49,280
mark to mars uh down from there is the

3016
02:09:53,030 --> 02:09:51,280
crew health and monitoring equipment and

3017
02:09:54,950 --> 02:09:53,040
a couple slides back you saw that we

3018
02:09:56,950 --> 02:09:54,960
have all the crew samples and air

3019
02:09:58,790 --> 02:09:56,960
samples that come back as far as you

3020
02:10:00,390 --> 02:09:58,800
know blood and urine and water and the

3021
02:10:02,390 --> 02:10:00,400
like to see if this if the crew's

3022
02:10:04,950 --> 02:10:02,400
healthy the systems are performing

3023
02:10:07,350 --> 02:10:04,960
correctly when we go to mars we can't do

3024
02:10:10,390 --> 02:10:07,360
that all that has to be characterized on

3025
02:10:13,990 --> 02:10:10,400
or on orbit with the crew uh uh

3026
02:10:16,069 --> 02:10:14,000
assistance and determining uh is is that

3027
02:10:17,910 --> 02:10:16,079
is all the performance parameters in its

3028
02:10:20,790 --> 02:10:17,920
normal ranges

3029
02:10:23,189 --> 02:10:20,800
uh going on to the uh top uh left on

3030
02:10:25,589 --> 02:10:23,199
your side is the exercise equipment

3031
02:10:28,550 --> 02:10:25,599
today our x is our size equipment is

3032
02:10:30,950 --> 02:10:28,560
large it has lots of moving parts it's

3033
02:10:33,750 --> 02:10:30,960
they're complex and they have take up a

3034
02:10:35,589 --> 02:10:33,760
lot of mass and space going to mars all

3035
02:10:38,229 --> 02:10:35,599
this will have to be a lot smaller than

3036
02:10:40,069 --> 02:10:38,239
it is today so we're making improvements

3037
02:10:41,430 --> 02:10:40,079
and flying additional equipment on board

3038
02:10:44,149 --> 02:10:41,440
the station

3039
02:10:46,870 --> 02:10:44,159
to ensure that the crew has

3040
02:10:48,149 --> 02:10:46,880
has functioning equipment uh to go to

3041
02:10:50,709 --> 02:10:48,159
mars with

3042
02:10:52,149 --> 02:10:50,719
we also have onboard water analyzers

3043
02:10:54,470 --> 02:10:52,159
again to

3044
02:10:55,669 --> 02:10:54,480
break the chain of bringing samples back

3045
02:10:56,390 --> 02:10:55,679
to earth

3046
02:10:58,709 --> 02:10:56,400
and

3047
02:11:00,390 --> 02:10:58,719
one of the other things not not the last

3048
02:11:02,470 --> 02:11:00,400
one but uh

3049
02:11:05,270 --> 02:11:02,480
one that we're working on right now is

3050
02:11:07,270 --> 02:11:05,280
the new exploration suit demonstration

3051
02:11:09,830 --> 02:11:07,280
uh today our suits

3052
02:11:12,950 --> 02:11:09,840
we have today on space station or 1980s

3053
02:11:15,990 --> 02:11:12,960
vintage uh uh technology so we're

3054
02:11:17,990 --> 02:11:16,000
working across nasa to

3055
02:11:20,390 --> 02:11:18,000
build a new suit and demonstrate it on

3056
02:11:21,750 --> 02:11:20,400
on space station so these are just some

3057
02:11:24,870 --> 02:11:21,760
of the things we're doing on space

3058
02:11:28,950 --> 02:11:24,880
station today to get us to mars and uh

3059
02:11:30,390 --> 02:11:28,960
with that i'd um open up the questions

3060
02:11:31,589 --> 02:11:30,400
thanks just want to remind the audience

3061
02:11:33,430 --> 02:11:31,599
that's joining us online that you can

3062
02:11:35,910 --> 02:11:33,440
ask questions of our speakers and pretty

3063
02:11:38,310 --> 02:11:35,920
soon here the crew using the hashtag ask

3064
02:11:39,589 --> 02:11:38,320
nasa on twitter and google plus i

3065
02:11:41,350 --> 02:11:39,599
actually want to take podium privilege

3066
02:11:43,030 --> 02:11:41,360
real quick sam and just ask a question

3067
02:11:46,550 --> 02:11:43,040
it's because jim showed this really

3068
02:11:49,750 --> 02:11:46,560
incredible picture um that uh that fan

3069
02:11:51,910 --> 02:11:49,760
made image of someone in a spacesuit

3070
02:11:53,350 --> 02:11:51,920
or at least a giant robot standing next

3071
02:11:55,430 --> 02:11:53,360
to curiosity i know there's some

3072
02:11:57,350 --> 02:11:55,440
robotics happening on station two and we

3073
02:11:59,109 --> 02:11:57,360
sometimes talk about how humans and

3074
02:12:00,550 --> 02:11:59,119
robots will be working together to

3075
02:12:02,149 --> 02:12:00,560
accomplish these things can you tell us

3076
02:12:03,350 --> 02:12:02,159
some of the some of the robotic

3077
02:12:05,189 --> 02:12:03,360
experiments that are happening on the

3078
02:12:07,589 --> 02:12:05,199
station right now and you know who the

3079
02:12:10,149 --> 02:12:07,599
robots are that are up there well

3080
02:12:11,750 --> 02:12:10,159
let's see how many robots do we have so

3081
02:12:13,669 --> 02:12:11,760
i'm familiar with at least three three

3082
02:12:16,310 --> 02:12:13,679
of the robots that are on station and

3083
02:12:18,149 --> 02:12:16,320
one that's on on its way uh

3084
02:12:20,790 --> 02:12:18,159
uh first two that have been there a long

3085
02:12:21,990 --> 02:12:20,800
time is the canadian arm and the

3086
02:12:24,069 --> 02:12:22,000
canadian

3087
02:12:27,030 --> 02:12:24,079
dexter manipulator system

3088
02:12:29,669 --> 02:12:27,040
these two large robots are basically

3089
02:12:32,550 --> 02:12:29,679
industrial robots and we've learned a

3090
02:12:34,550 --> 02:12:32,560
lot about assembling pieces in space how

3091
02:12:37,109 --> 02:12:34,560
to do ground control

3092
02:12:40,790 --> 02:12:37,119
uh how to do maintenance and things of

3093
02:12:43,430 --> 02:12:40,800
that nature we also have a a third robot

3094
02:12:45,910 --> 02:12:43,440
inside uh it's actually half of a robot

3095
02:12:47,750 --> 02:12:45,920
called robonaut doesn't have legs yet

3096
02:12:50,870 --> 02:12:47,760
and we're learning how on board space

3097
02:12:53,430 --> 02:12:50,880
station to integrate uh a robot

3098
02:12:56,149 --> 02:12:53,440
activities together in close proximity

3099
02:12:59,030 --> 02:12:56,159
to human activities uh so that's very

3100
02:13:00,870 --> 02:12:59,040
important to us as well and i think the

3101
02:13:02,629 --> 02:13:00,880
the fourth one that just was launched on

3102
02:13:04,390 --> 02:13:02,639
htv from japan

3103
02:13:06,870 --> 02:13:04,400
is uh i think the japanese are

3104
02:13:09,350 --> 02:13:06,880
characterizing it as a astronaut friend

3105
02:13:12,229 --> 02:13:09,360
robot it's a it's a small smaller robot

3106
02:13:14,069 --> 02:13:12,239
that that interacts verbally uh with

3107
02:13:15,510 --> 02:13:14,079
with a crew member and if i'm not

3108
02:13:17,109 --> 02:13:15,520
mistaken didn't we recently have some

3109
02:13:19,030 --> 02:13:17,119
crew members actually drive something

3110
02:13:20,470 --> 02:13:19,040
not too dissimilar and we also have

3111
02:13:23,109 --> 02:13:20,480
stations uh

3112
02:13:26,069 --> 02:13:23,119
remote controlled a robot and at the

3113
02:13:28,229 --> 02:13:26,079
ames research center uh that from the

3114
02:13:31,910 --> 02:13:28,239
crew on board the space station uh to

3115
02:13:33,990 --> 02:13:31,920
simulate actually uh driving uh space uh

3116
02:13:37,990 --> 02:13:34,000
uh robots from an orbiting spacecraft

3117
02:13:40,149 --> 02:13:38,000
all uh around the moon or actually mars

3118
02:13:41,189 --> 02:13:40,159
as well i i geeked out about that quite

3119
02:13:42,629 --> 02:13:41,199
honestly just growing up the remote

3120
02:13:44,229 --> 02:13:42,639
control car seeing astronaut drive

3121
02:13:45,350 --> 02:13:44,239
something on earth was free mind-blowing

3122
02:13:46,709 --> 02:13:45,360
we have any questions in the audience

3123
02:13:49,750 --> 02:13:46,719
right here

3124
02:13:52,229 --> 02:13:49,760
um yes these uh robots and robotics

3125
02:13:52,950 --> 02:13:52,239
they're so capable

3126
02:13:55,669 --> 02:13:52,960
and

3127
02:13:56,950 --> 02:13:55,679
what is the real advantage of having a

3128
02:14:00,310 --> 02:13:56,960
person

3129
02:14:02,069 --> 02:14:00,320
on these uh foreign

3130
02:14:03,669 --> 02:14:02,079
terrestrial places rather than just

3131
02:14:06,310 --> 02:14:03,679
sending so many

3132
02:14:08,950 --> 02:14:06,320
leaner easier to get to

3133
02:14:12,870 --> 02:14:08,960
more efficient robotics to the

3134
02:14:15,350 --> 02:14:12,880
mars and beyond uh if you compare what

3135
02:14:17,750 --> 02:14:15,360
it takes to plan and operate a robot

3136
02:14:20,390 --> 02:14:17,760
long distances like uh from earth to

3137
02:14:24,310 --> 02:14:20,400
mars and what a human can do

3138
02:14:27,350 --> 02:14:24,320
it takes a year or more for what a robot

3139
02:14:28,709 --> 02:14:27,360
can do that a person can do in a matter

3140
02:14:30,310 --> 02:14:28,719
of days

3141
02:14:33,510 --> 02:14:30,320
so one is

3142
02:14:35,430 --> 02:14:33,520
efficiency is that the crew member can

3143
02:14:37,589 --> 02:14:35,440
do things a lot quicker than a robot can

3144
02:14:39,430 --> 02:14:37,599
because it all has to be pre-planned and

3145
02:14:41,830 --> 02:14:39,440
with the communications lag between us

3146
02:14:44,149 --> 02:14:41,840
and and and mars that's a real that's a

3147
02:14:46,390 --> 02:14:44,159
real handicap uh the second biggest

3148
02:14:48,709 --> 02:14:46,400
thing and i think more important is you

3149
02:14:52,149 --> 02:14:48,719
have an intel an intelligent being

3150
02:14:55,030 --> 02:14:52,159
interpreting its environment a crew can

3151
02:14:57,510 --> 02:14:55,040
immediately pick up is this important is

3152
02:15:00,069 --> 02:14:57,520
that that's not important and if they're

3153
02:15:02,310 --> 02:15:00,079
trained as a geologist they can

3154
02:15:04,229 --> 02:15:02,320
pick up the right rock or not the right

3155
02:15:06,149 --> 02:15:04,239
rock so that's another advantage of

3156
02:15:08,470 --> 02:15:06,159
having the crew members and i think

3157
02:15:10,790 --> 02:15:08,480
thirdly there's a there's a societal

3158
02:15:13,270 --> 02:15:10,800
benefit as well to having uh people

3159
02:15:15,910 --> 02:15:13,280
involved uh in in

3160
02:15:17,990 --> 02:15:15,920
exploration i don't know anybody any

3161
02:15:20,709 --> 02:15:18,000
kids that want to grow up to be a robot

3162
02:15:22,229 --> 02:15:20,719
or to be a rocket

3163
02:15:24,069 --> 02:15:22,239
they all want to grow up to be an

3164
02:15:27,109 --> 02:15:24,079
astronaut or be a scientist or an

3165
02:15:29,430 --> 02:15:27,119
engineer uh no one's actually advocating

3166
02:15:34,149 --> 02:15:29,440
for people to be robot so

3167
02:15:36,709 --> 02:15:35,589
so let's take a question from social

3168
02:15:37,910 --> 02:15:36,719
media

3169
02:15:40,310 --> 02:15:37,920
sure we have a question here from

3170
02:15:42,709 --> 02:15:40,320
twitter user lucy whitehead there are

3171
02:15:45,669 --> 02:15:42,719
plans to put people on mars but is there

3172
02:15:47,270 --> 02:15:45,679
the possibility of people living on mars

3173
02:15:48,790 --> 02:15:47,280
yes i think at some point in time once

3174
02:15:49,830 --> 02:15:48,800
we've learned to travel there and come

3175
02:15:52,149 --> 02:15:49,840
back

3176
02:15:53,830 --> 02:15:52,159
and to be able to use the resources

3177
02:15:56,470 --> 02:15:53,840
on the martian surface i think it one

3178
02:15:58,390 --> 02:15:56,480
day will be possible

3179
02:16:04,629 --> 02:15:58,400
okay more questions in the audience

3180
02:16:10,149 --> 02:16:07,750
uh so uh if i'm not mistaken um this is

3181
02:16:12,390 --> 02:16:10,159
just as a backstory the faa

3182
02:16:14,550 --> 02:16:12,400
has ramped up

3183
02:16:15,910 --> 02:16:14,560
pilot requirements to do more manual

3184
02:16:18,229 --> 02:16:15,920
flying because there's been a lot of

3185
02:16:21,270 --> 02:16:18,239
concern about over automation too much

3186
02:16:23,030 --> 02:16:21,280
reliance on systems like that uh is

3187
02:16:25,189 --> 02:16:23,040
there any concern about that with nasa

3188
02:16:28,069 --> 02:16:25,199
that we would ever get too reliant on

3189
02:16:29,910 --> 02:16:28,079
these these automated systems like the

3190
02:16:31,510 --> 02:16:29,920
the unmanned flights that are headed to

3191
02:16:33,429 --> 02:16:31,520
the space station now

3192
02:16:37,270 --> 02:16:33,439
well uh there's just different aspects

3193
02:16:38,870 --> 02:16:37,280
of if you will crew control space flight

3194
02:16:40,469 --> 02:16:38,880
on the way up from the ground right

3195
02:16:42,790 --> 02:16:40,479
while riding on the rocket there's not a

3196
02:16:45,270 --> 02:16:42,800
lot the crew can actually do other than

3197
02:16:48,950 --> 02:16:45,280
get off the rocket if it's if something

3198
02:16:51,190 --> 02:16:48,960
goes wrong uh however in space um

3199
02:16:53,190 --> 02:16:51,200
there's always the capability for the

3200
02:16:54,950 --> 02:16:53,200
crew member to override any automated

3201
02:16:56,870 --> 02:16:54,960
system and the way we the way we've

3202
02:16:58,950 --> 02:16:56,880
designed uh systems in the past and the

3203
02:17:01,110 --> 02:16:58,960
way we're designing them in the future

3204
02:17:02,469 --> 02:17:01,120
there are some tasks that are better

3205
02:17:04,870 --> 02:17:02,479
left as the first

3206
02:17:07,270 --> 02:17:04,880
first level of control as automation

3207
02:17:08,950 --> 02:17:07,280
like automated rendezvous and docking uh

3208
02:17:11,030 --> 02:17:08,960
it's a lot more efficient that way but

3209
02:17:12,629 --> 02:17:11,040
the crew is always monitoring and able

3210
02:17:14,070 --> 02:17:12,639
to back out of the system in case

3211
02:17:15,990 --> 02:17:14,080
something something's wrong so i don't

3212
02:17:17,110 --> 02:17:16,000
think it's an either or it just comes

3213
02:17:19,270 --> 02:17:17,120
down to

3214
02:17:21,589 --> 02:17:19,280
what is more efficient and more uh

3215
02:17:24,150 --> 02:17:21,599
repeatable and reliable and but always

3216
02:17:26,309 --> 02:17:24,160
having the crew ability to back out of

3217
02:17:29,030 --> 02:17:26,319
it in in case the automated system uh

3218
02:17:30,070 --> 02:17:29,040
does not perform as expected

3219
02:17:32,070 --> 02:17:30,080
you know sam one of the one of the

3220
02:17:33,669 --> 02:17:32,080
things that our tv crew has is a really

3221
02:17:35,349 --> 02:17:33,679
nice image of the international space

3222
02:17:37,030 --> 02:17:35,359
station and i think some people sort of

3223
02:17:38,629 --> 02:17:37,040
forget you know we don't see it all all

3224
02:17:41,429 --> 02:17:38,639
that often in fact this almost looks

3225
02:17:43,509 --> 02:17:41,439
like a live view um what you know the

3226
02:17:45,669 --> 02:17:43,519
sheer size and scope of of what this

3227
02:17:47,990 --> 02:17:45,679
laboratory is maybe you can

3228
02:17:48,950 --> 02:17:48,000
get it's a live picture i'm being told

3229
02:17:50,709 --> 02:17:48,960
can you can you tell us what we're

3230
02:17:52,790 --> 02:17:50,719
looking at here as we get ready well

3231
02:17:56,389 --> 02:17:52,800
we're looking at uh the appendage that

3232
02:17:57,910 --> 02:17:56,399
you're seeing there sticking up is the

3233
02:18:00,790 --> 02:17:57,920
canadian arm

3234
02:18:03,110 --> 02:18:00,800
and you're seeing in in the forefront

3235
02:18:04,950 --> 02:18:03,120
the columbus module with its exposed

3236
02:18:07,190 --> 02:18:04,960
facilities

3237
02:18:08,950 --> 02:18:07,200
you also see the golden solar arrays

3238
02:18:11,990 --> 02:18:08,960
sticking through at the bottom

3239
02:18:12,950 --> 02:18:12,000
the u.s lab in the midsection there

3240
02:18:14,150 --> 02:18:12,960
and

3241
02:18:15,910 --> 02:18:14,160
of course the

3242
02:18:17,910 --> 02:18:15,920
earth above

3243
02:18:19,429 --> 02:18:17,920
the space station itself is as large as

3244
02:18:21,910 --> 02:18:19,439
a football field

3245
02:18:24,629 --> 02:18:21,920
and about a million pounds

3246
02:18:26,549 --> 02:18:24,639
it's it's unfortunate that uh the space

3247
02:18:27,910 --> 02:18:26,559
station never comes back and people

3248
02:18:30,709 --> 02:18:27,920
don't actually get a chance to see it

3249
02:18:33,830 --> 02:18:30,719
like the shuttle uh comes back the when

3250
02:18:36,309 --> 02:18:33,840
we have when we fly uh the soyuz or the

3251
02:18:38,870 --> 02:18:36,319
the the dragon vehicle it all comes back

3252
02:18:41,349 --> 02:18:38,880
so you can actually see it and and you

3253
02:18:43,429 --> 02:18:41,359
know hear it feel it touch it uh space

3254
02:18:45,750 --> 02:18:43,439
station you just can't you can see it

3255
02:18:48,389 --> 02:18:45,760
when it passes over

3256
02:18:50,150 --> 02:18:48,399
and do a little plug for spot to station

3257
02:18:51,509 --> 02:18:50,160
app to find space station wherever

3258
02:18:54,389 --> 02:18:51,519
you're located

3259
02:18:56,549 --> 02:18:54,399
but it's uh it's an amazing facility uh

3260
02:18:59,589 --> 02:18:56,559
it took many years and many flights to

3261
02:19:01,589 --> 02:18:59,599
get it assembled and

3262
02:19:03,910 --> 02:19:01,599
that's it and that's a good point uh

3263
02:19:05,910 --> 02:19:03,920
spot the station.nasa.gov is where you

3264
02:19:07,990 --> 02:19:05,920
can go to find out where the

3265
02:19:09,429 --> 02:19:08,000
international space station passes it's

3266
02:19:11,589 --> 02:19:09,439
i think it's pretty much the brightest

3267
02:19:13,750 --> 02:19:11,599
uh image or brightest um a point of

3268
02:19:15,910 --> 02:19:13,760
light in the sky when you see it except

3269
02:19:17,669 --> 02:19:15,920
for the sun and the moon yeah and it

3270
02:19:19,910 --> 02:19:17,679
moves quick but when you can catch it

3271
02:19:21,270 --> 02:19:19,920
it's uh it's very very cool to see let's

3272
02:19:22,950 --> 02:19:21,280
go back to social media for a question

3273
02:19:24,230 --> 02:19:22,960
then i'll check in the audience

3274
02:19:27,110 --> 02:19:24,240
sure we've got a question here from

3275
02:19:29,589 --> 02:19:27,120
twitter user genejm29

3276
02:19:31,429 --> 02:19:29,599
since current eva suits are 80s vintage

3277
02:19:32,870 --> 02:19:31,439
what is in development now and how long

3278
02:19:35,030 --> 02:19:32,880
will it be before those suits become

3279
02:19:37,110 --> 02:19:35,040
available well right now we have

3280
02:19:39,589 --> 02:19:37,120
technology development activities going

3281
02:19:42,230 --> 02:19:39,599
on uh today between uh

3282
02:19:43,509 --> 02:19:42,240
the human exploration uh and operations

3283
02:19:45,669 --> 02:19:43,519
mission directorate and the space

3284
02:19:47,270 --> 02:19:45,679
technology mission directorate uh to

3285
02:19:49,190 --> 02:19:47,280
develop the

3286
02:19:50,469 --> 02:19:49,200
newer generations

3287
02:19:54,150 --> 02:19:50,479
of of

3288
02:19:56,230 --> 02:19:54,160
scrubbers of the life support system

3289
02:19:58,630 --> 02:19:56,240
new materials for the suit

3290
02:20:01,670 --> 02:19:58,640
today our suit is a

3291
02:20:04,070 --> 02:20:01,680
a multi-part suit i would say and our

3292
02:20:06,389 --> 02:20:04,080
next generation suit will be more uh

3293
02:20:08,150 --> 02:20:06,399
like the or the russian orlan suit where

3294
02:20:10,630 --> 02:20:08,160
it's more or less one piece and the crew

3295
02:20:13,910 --> 02:20:10,640
steps in from the back uh there's a

3296
02:20:15,830 --> 02:20:13,920
picture of it right now uh the suit will

3297
02:20:17,830 --> 02:20:15,840
look similar for you know just by the

3298
02:20:20,389 --> 02:20:17,840
casual observer but the internal

3299
02:20:22,230 --> 02:20:20,399
functions uh will be completely uh

3300
02:20:25,990 --> 02:20:22,240
updated with newer technology and it'll

3301
02:20:31,030 --> 02:20:27,670
great questions in the audience

3302
02:20:33,190 --> 02:20:31,040
international space station in the front

3303
02:20:36,630 --> 02:20:33,200
does nasa have a view on private

3304
02:20:39,670 --> 02:20:36,640
initiatives like the mars one initiative

3305
02:20:43,389 --> 02:20:39,680
uh nasa is is support is supportive of

3306
02:20:45,750 --> 02:20:43,399
the private initiatives um the

3307
02:20:47,590 --> 02:20:45,760
inspiration mars i think that's that's

3308
02:20:50,790 --> 02:20:47,600
the the reason when that was that was

3309
02:20:53,190 --> 02:20:50,800
announced uh we're working uh with them

3310
02:20:55,349 --> 02:20:53,200
to understand what their mission is and

3311
02:20:57,030 --> 02:20:55,359
and what help they might need from nasa

3312
02:21:00,790 --> 02:20:57,040
so we're very supportive of such

3313
02:21:03,750 --> 02:21:00,800
missions i don't know if we're

3314
02:21:06,870 --> 02:21:03,760
actively promoting one-way

3315
02:21:08,870 --> 02:21:06,880
missions to mars as nasa's is in in the

3316
02:21:11,670 --> 02:21:08,880
two-way business

3317
02:21:13,590 --> 02:21:11,680
uh but we are we are very supportive of

3318
02:21:15,270 --> 02:21:13,600
private private initiatives

3319
02:21:16,950 --> 02:21:15,280
we like our astronauts to come home and

3320
02:21:18,550 --> 02:21:16,960
then the last couple of minutes uh that

3321
02:21:20,870 --> 02:21:18,560
we have with you uh sam could you

3322
02:21:22,389 --> 02:21:20,880
explain on that note on commercial space

3323
02:21:24,710 --> 02:21:22,399
kind of where we are in development of

3324
02:21:26,950 --> 02:21:24,720
the new spacecraft to take us astronauts

3325
02:21:29,030 --> 02:21:26,960
you know once again from u.s soil

3326
02:21:30,309 --> 02:21:29,040
i think they're there and people may be

3327
02:21:32,150 --> 02:21:30,319
familiar with a couple of the cargo

3328
02:21:33,590 --> 02:21:32,160
craft that came if you can talk a little

3329
02:21:34,950 --> 02:21:33,600
bit about how how the space station is

3330
02:21:36,630 --> 02:21:34,960
working on the commercial side in

3331
02:21:39,830 --> 02:21:36,640
american development well there's uh two

3332
02:21:42,630 --> 02:21:39,840
aspects to the commercial uh uh

3333
02:21:44,630 --> 02:21:42,640
involvement uh in in space on space

3334
02:21:48,070 --> 02:21:44,640
station and also i'd like to say just

3335
02:21:50,469 --> 02:21:48,080
more in private initiative in general uh

3336
02:21:51,830 --> 02:21:50,479
as you as many of you may know we have a

3337
02:21:54,870 --> 02:21:51,840
uh

3338
02:21:56,469 --> 02:21:54,880
commercial cargo providers spacex in

3339
02:21:58,950 --> 02:21:56,479
orbital to ride cargo to the space

3340
02:22:00,309 --> 02:21:58,960
station but we're also in development

3341
02:22:01,750 --> 02:22:00,319
with

3342
02:22:03,750 --> 02:22:01,760
other industry

3343
02:22:04,550 --> 02:22:03,760
partners to develop the commercial crew

3344
02:22:06,150 --> 02:22:04,560
car

3345
02:22:09,830 --> 02:22:06,160
capability

3346
02:22:11,750 --> 02:22:09,840
to space station uh with spacex boeing

3347
02:22:13,110 --> 02:22:11,760
and sierra nevada

3348
02:22:15,910 --> 02:22:13,120
but also that's only part of the

3349
02:22:19,190 --> 02:22:15,920
commercial initiative on board station

3350
02:22:21,990 --> 02:22:19,200
we are have a partnership with kasis

3351
02:22:23,750 --> 02:22:22,000
which is a the national lab developer

3352
02:22:25,510 --> 02:22:23,760
for for nasa

3353
02:22:27,910 --> 02:22:25,520
onboard the space station

3354
02:22:29,830 --> 02:22:27,920
cases is working with private industry

3355
02:22:32,389 --> 02:22:29,840
to utilize space station for things like

3356
02:22:35,670 --> 02:22:32,399
pharmaceutical research or

3357
02:22:38,389 --> 02:22:35,680
materials research like colloids

3358
02:22:40,630 --> 02:22:38,399
new medical devices and the like so our

3359
02:22:43,510 --> 02:22:40,640
commercial environment

3360
02:22:45,190 --> 02:22:43,520
involvement is uh is quite broad for on

3361
02:22:46,790 --> 02:22:45,200
on space station

3362
02:22:48,150 --> 02:22:46,800
so and real fast is there anything that

3363
02:22:49,590 --> 02:22:48,160
we just recently sent up to the crew

3364
02:22:51,510 --> 02:22:49,600
that you thought was particularly cool

3365
02:22:52,950 --> 02:22:51,520
any home packages or care package or

3366
02:22:55,750 --> 02:22:52,960
anything like that well you know fresh

3367
02:22:57,349 --> 02:22:55,760
food and ice cream is always good stuff

3368
02:22:58,630 --> 02:22:57,359
we'll see if we can get a question or

3369
02:23:00,309 --> 02:22:58,640
two about that

3370
02:23:07,590 --> 02:23:00,319
help me uh help me everyone please uh

3371
02:23:10,870 --> 02:23:08,870
very good

3372
02:23:13,349 --> 02:23:10,880
and we are now looking at a picture of

3373
02:23:14,790 --> 02:23:13,359
mission control in houston which helps

3374
02:23:17,030 --> 02:23:14,800
manage the international space station

3375
02:23:18,550 --> 02:23:17,040
program i understand just pause for a

3376
02:23:21,030 --> 02:23:18,560
second that we are very close to being

3377
02:23:23,190 --> 02:23:21,040
able to talk to chris cassidy and karen

3378
02:23:24,630 --> 02:23:23,200
nyberg who are the two american crew

3379
02:23:27,910 --> 02:23:24,640
members aboard the international space

3380
02:23:28,710 --> 02:23:27,920
station of the expedition 36 crew

3381
02:23:31,830 --> 02:23:28,720
so

3382
02:23:34,550 --> 02:23:31,840
let me start by asking uh station

3383
02:23:37,590 --> 02:23:34,560
station this is nasa headquarters how do

3384
02:23:41,349 --> 02:23:39,270
houston this is station we are ready for

3385
02:23:43,110 --> 02:23:41,359
the event thank you so much for joining

3386
02:23:46,790 --> 02:23:43,120
us chris and karen it's wonderful to see

3387
02:23:50,309 --> 02:23:48,710
so we're we're here in washington in the

3388
02:23:52,550 --> 02:23:50,319
nasa headquarters auditorium we've heard

3389
02:23:54,150 --> 02:23:52,560
a lot about curiosity's first year on

3390
02:23:55,510 --> 02:23:54,160
mars we've talked a lot about about new

3391
02:23:57,830 --> 02:23:55,520
technologies and some of the research

3392
02:23:59,910 --> 02:23:57,840
and technology you're doing on orbit

3393
02:24:02,389 --> 02:23:59,920
that'll help enable the path for humans

3394
02:24:03,910 --> 02:24:02,399
to mars here soon i want to jump into

3395
02:24:04,870 --> 02:24:03,920
questions here i know there will be many

3396
02:24:06,790 --> 02:24:04,880
for you

3397
02:24:09,270 --> 02:24:06,800
so if you'd stand by for the first and

3398
02:24:12,150 --> 02:24:09,280
we will get started

3399
02:24:13,030 --> 02:24:12,160
questions for the crew

3400
02:24:15,910 --> 02:24:13,040
okay

3401
02:24:40,230 --> 02:24:17,510
so

3402
02:24:45,030 --> 02:24:40,240
how are how are things going there day

3403
02:24:48,389 --> 02:24:46,950
okay sorry about that i think i stepped

3404
02:24:49,190 --> 02:24:48,399
on the the first part of the question

3405
02:24:52,870 --> 02:24:49,200
now

3406
02:24:55,270 --> 02:24:52,880
the day-to-day life is is really is

3407
02:24:57,190 --> 02:24:55,280
you know it's a nice pace it's a busy

3408
02:24:59,030 --> 02:24:57,200
day we wake up around uh

3409
02:25:00,790 --> 02:24:59,040
six have a conference with the ground at

3410
02:25:03,670 --> 02:25:00,800
7 30 and then work right straight

3411
02:25:05,349 --> 02:25:03,680
through until another conference at 7 30

3412
02:25:07,510 --> 02:25:05,359
at night but in that time is a break for

3413
02:25:09,429 --> 02:25:07,520
lunch and exercise which is is

3414
02:25:11,990 --> 02:25:09,439
critically important

3415
02:25:14,389 --> 02:25:12,000
for us uh for many reasons but it's a

3416
02:25:16,150 --> 02:25:14,399
it's a nice steady pace of the day and

3417
02:25:18,150 --> 02:25:16,160
at the end of the day it's really fun to

3418
02:25:20,309 --> 02:25:18,160
eat and join meals with the whole crew

3419
02:25:22,150 --> 02:25:20,319
and look out the window tell stories and

3420
02:25:24,070 --> 02:25:22,160
and and that sort of thing it's a it's a

3421
02:25:25,349 --> 02:25:24,080
nice day

3422
02:25:29,429 --> 02:25:25,359
question here in the front and then

3423
02:25:33,910 --> 02:25:32,389
with the issue they had with the

3424
02:25:36,790 --> 02:25:33,920
humidity or

3425
02:25:39,990 --> 02:25:36,800
water in the spacesuit in the few days

3426
02:25:41,510 --> 02:25:40,000
ago is that going to affect any other

3427
02:25:43,750 --> 02:25:41,520
extra

3428
02:25:49,190 --> 02:25:43,760
vehicular activities or

3429
02:25:52,630 --> 02:25:50,710
you know that's a that's a really good

3430
02:25:54,550 --> 02:25:52,640
question um right now we're we've been

3431
02:25:58,230 --> 02:25:54,560
doing some troubleshooting in the last

3432
02:26:01,030 --> 02:25:58,240
few weeks to really zone in on exactly

3433
02:26:02,550 --> 02:26:01,040
what part of of uh of the suit the

3434
02:26:06,230 --> 02:26:02,560
internal components of the suit which

3435
02:26:08,070 --> 02:26:06,240
part was it that failed and then to um

3436
02:26:10,070 --> 02:26:08,080
eliminate that as a problem that could

3437
02:26:12,070 --> 02:26:10,080
be a potential across the fleet of

3438
02:26:14,070 --> 02:26:12,080
spacesuits we we want to make sure that

3439
02:26:15,830 --> 02:26:14,080
it's isolated to that one suit before we

3440
02:26:17,670 --> 02:26:15,840
sign up for other people going out the

3441
02:26:20,469 --> 02:26:17,680
door because that's the most important

3442
02:26:22,950 --> 02:26:20,479
thing is making sure that every

3443
02:26:25,830 --> 02:26:22,960
dva team that we send out from now on is

3444
02:26:27,510 --> 02:26:25,840
is uh is for as a result of what we

3445
02:26:29,750 --> 02:26:27,520
learned from from these findings so

3446
02:26:32,230 --> 02:26:29,760
that's happening right now i don't think

3447
02:26:34,230 --> 02:26:32,240
that uh will there'll be any there's no

3448
02:26:36,630 --> 02:26:34,240
emergent need for a spacewalk right now

3449
02:26:39,270 --> 02:26:36,640
and until there is we'll make sure we'll

3450
02:26:41,910 --> 02:26:39,280
continue the steady pace of work to to

3451
02:26:43,670 --> 02:26:41,920
find out these things uh and then when

3452
02:26:45,750 --> 02:26:43,680
it's when the time is right and the team

3453
02:26:47,429 --> 02:26:45,760
is happy we'll be we'll be ready for

3454
02:26:50,469 --> 02:26:47,439
regular routine spacewalks again but

3455
02:26:50,479 --> 02:26:53,910
question in the front

3456
02:26:57,910 --> 02:26:55,590
hey

3457
02:26:59,750 --> 02:26:57,920
where were you guys a year ago on msl's

3458
02:27:07,590 --> 02:26:59,760
landing and how are you celebrating

3459
02:27:10,630 --> 02:27:09,110
gosh we're talking about it trying to

3460
02:27:12,630 --> 02:27:10,640
remember where we were and i i don't

3461
02:27:14,469 --> 02:27:12,640
remember i remember seeing it on the

3462
02:27:16,710 --> 02:27:14,479
news and i remember watching

3463
02:27:18,469 --> 02:27:16,720
and i remember just seeing what a huge

3464
02:27:20,309 --> 02:27:18,479
impact it was i remember seeing a

3465
02:27:21,990 --> 02:27:20,319
picture of times square

3466
02:27:24,950 --> 02:27:22,000
where just

3467
02:27:26,469 --> 02:27:24,960
thousands of people watching in awe um i

3468
02:27:28,790 --> 02:27:26,479
think i might have been in russia at the

3469
02:27:30,870 --> 02:27:28,800
time actually i honestly don't remember

3470
02:27:32,630 --> 02:27:30,880
the past year has been such a haze of

3471
02:27:35,429 --> 02:27:32,640
traveling back and forth for for

3472
02:27:37,429 --> 02:27:35,439
training but i do remember though

3473
02:27:39,670 --> 02:27:37,439
what an impact that it made on the

3474
02:27:42,150 --> 02:27:39,680
entire world and i i was actually quite

3475
02:27:43,670 --> 02:27:42,160
fascinated by that because and it

3476
02:27:45,429 --> 02:27:43,680
impressed me and i think it helped with

3477
02:27:48,630 --> 02:27:45,439
the way social media is working these

3478
02:27:51,510 --> 02:27:48,640
days and um and just what a fantastic

3479
02:27:53,990 --> 02:27:51,520
job that that the group at jpl did with

3480
02:27:56,469 --> 02:27:54,000
this um with this rover and and and

3481
02:28:00,389 --> 02:27:56,479
again just fascinated by what an impact

3482
02:28:03,429 --> 02:28:01,910
okay we'll take a question from social

3483
02:28:06,790 --> 02:28:03,439
media

3484
02:28:08,070 --> 02:28:06,800
sure twitter user micah winston asks

3485
02:28:09,750 --> 02:28:08,080
what would you say is the most

3486
02:28:15,990 --> 02:28:09,760
interesting experiment being done on the

3487
02:28:18,950 --> 02:28:17,429
it's hard to hone in on the most

3488
02:28:21,429 --> 02:28:18,960
interesting because there are there's

3489
02:28:22,790 --> 02:28:21,439
such a breadth of of different topics

3490
02:28:24,870 --> 02:28:22,800
that we're studying

3491
02:28:26,710 --> 02:28:24,880
uh some of the those that i think we

3492
02:28:28,630 --> 02:28:26,720
find the most interesting are the ones

3493
02:28:30,550 --> 02:28:28,640
that they're doing on the human body and

3494
02:28:32,150 --> 02:28:30,560
you know partly because because we're

3495
02:28:33,510 --> 02:28:32,160
the actual subjects for them and so

3496
02:28:36,550 --> 02:28:33,520
we're intimately involved in the

3497
02:28:38,150 --> 02:28:36,560
experiments but also also in the regard

3498
02:28:39,990 --> 02:28:38,160
that it's something that's very

3499
02:28:42,309 --> 02:28:40,000
important if we're going to be traveling

3500
02:28:44,309 --> 02:28:42,319
farther away from low earth orbit it's

3501
02:28:46,150 --> 02:28:44,319
um obviously going to be a very long

3502
02:28:49,110 --> 02:28:46,160
trip and what happens to our bodies not

3503
02:28:51,670 --> 02:28:49,120
just how they change in

3504
02:28:53,349 --> 02:28:51,680
the lack of gravity but to be sure that

3505
02:28:55,590 --> 02:28:53,359
we're going to be in shape to do work

3506
02:28:57,830 --> 02:28:55,600
when we get wherever we're going if we

3507
02:28:59,590 --> 02:28:57,840
make a trip to mars you know there will

3508
02:29:02,070 --> 02:28:59,600
be some gravity when we get there and if

3509
02:29:05,270 --> 02:29:02,080
we just let our bodies adapt to what a

3510
02:29:07,030 --> 02:29:05,280
zero gravity environment is then we will

3511
02:29:09,429 --> 02:29:07,040
be pretty much useless when we get there

3512
02:29:10,790 --> 02:29:09,439
unable to stand unable to walk unable to

3513
02:29:13,429 --> 02:29:10,800
to you know our muscles will have

3514
02:29:15,510 --> 02:29:13,439
degraded our bones will have degraded so

3515
02:29:17,910 --> 02:29:15,520
so i think some of the best

3516
02:29:19,429 --> 02:29:17,920
the most interesting in that regard is

3517
02:29:22,469 --> 02:29:19,439
is the work that we're doing on what's

3518
02:29:23,990 --> 02:29:22,479
happening to the human body

3519
02:29:26,309 --> 02:29:24,000
sure we have another question here from

3520
02:29:35,750 --> 02:29:26,319
twitter from chris connors what is your

3521
02:29:40,710 --> 02:29:38,790
well let's see there's uh

3522
02:29:42,950 --> 02:29:40,720
the sort of silly answer

3523
02:29:45,830 --> 02:29:42,960
is we have some when when something

3524
02:29:48,309 --> 02:29:45,840
needs to be stored up in the in the jlp

3525
02:29:50,150 --> 02:29:48,319
the japanese logistics area

3526
02:29:53,270 --> 02:29:50,160
and if if we're in node one that's about

3527
02:29:56,389 --> 02:29:53,280
as far as you can go in a translation so

3528
02:29:58,070 --> 02:29:56,399
it's really fun to uh to go flying in a

3529
02:30:00,070 --> 02:29:58,080
controlled way but flying around the

3530
02:30:02,150 --> 02:30:00,080
corners to make that storage happen

3531
02:30:05,110 --> 02:30:02,160
that's a sort of a silly answer to a fun

3532
02:30:07,349 --> 02:30:05,120
thing but uh on a more work related

3533
02:30:09,830 --> 02:30:07,359
basis i i find it rewarding to fix

3534
02:30:11,910 --> 02:30:09,840
things and just like in your house

3535
02:30:13,670 --> 02:30:11,920
things break up here or or they need

3536
02:30:16,389 --> 02:30:13,680
maintenance and attention and it's

3537
02:30:18,870 --> 02:30:16,399
really rewarding when the ground team

3538
02:30:21,750 --> 02:30:18,880
puts together a procedure and we

3539
02:30:24,469 --> 02:30:21,760
work that procedure and and as a team we

3540
02:30:25,910 --> 02:30:24,479
repair a broken pump or a broken

3541
02:30:27,429 --> 02:30:25,920
fan or something like that i think

3542
02:30:34,790 --> 02:30:27,439
that's really rewarding and find that

3543
02:30:39,190 --> 02:30:37,110
um i saw karen post a picture of a

3544
02:30:40,870 --> 02:30:39,200
constellation a few weeks ago and i'm

3545
02:30:43,270 --> 02:30:40,880
just wondering compared to here on earth

3546
02:30:52,309 --> 02:30:43,280
how does how do the stars and

3547
02:30:55,830 --> 02:30:53,750
all the external

3548
02:30:57,030 --> 02:30:55,840
are off and then all the lights we have

3549
02:30:59,030 --> 02:30:57,040
inside

3550
02:31:01,110 --> 02:30:59,040
the node 3 area where our cupola is

3551
02:31:04,469 --> 02:31:01,120
where we look and your eyes start to

3552
02:31:06,950 --> 02:31:04,479
adjust it's amazing and i i remember on

3553
02:31:08,950 --> 02:31:06,960
our on my first shuttle flight when we

3554
02:31:14,309 --> 02:31:08,960
um we turned off all the lights when we

3555
02:31:17,510 --> 02:31:15,750
without going looking through the

3556
02:31:20,150 --> 02:31:17,520
atmosphere you don't see the same

3557
02:31:23,349 --> 02:31:20,160
twinkle that you do of the stars they're

3558
02:31:25,429 --> 02:31:23,359
very solid and very very bright and you

3559
02:31:27,030 --> 02:31:25,439
could also very easily pick out the

3560
02:31:29,510 --> 02:31:27,040
milky way

3561
02:31:31,270 --> 02:31:29,520
um and it just you start to see contrast

3562
02:31:36,630 --> 02:31:31,280
in the in the dark sky

3563
02:31:40,790 --> 02:31:37,990
um

3564
02:31:48,469 --> 02:31:40,800
now that you've left earth how do you

3565
02:31:52,230 --> 02:31:49,830
you know

3566
02:31:53,270 --> 02:31:52,240
that's a fun thing to think about

3567
02:31:57,750 --> 02:31:53,280
and

3568
02:32:00,389 --> 02:31:57,760
i like to think of myself as a um a

3569
02:32:02,150 --> 02:32:00,399
little element on on a mapping program

3570
02:32:04,710 --> 02:32:02,160
google earth or something and zoom out

3571
02:32:06,630 --> 02:32:04,720
from whatever area i'm looking at and up

3572
02:32:08,630 --> 02:32:06,640
to the perspective that i'm looking at

3573
02:32:11,030 --> 02:32:08,640
from the space station and

3574
02:32:12,710 --> 02:32:11,040
that's a fun mental exercise to do

3575
02:32:14,309 --> 02:32:12,720
that's just the visual aspect but i

3576
02:32:16,550 --> 02:32:14,319
think your question is probably deeper

3577
02:32:19,110 --> 02:32:16,560
than that talking about how do i

3578
02:32:21,990 --> 02:32:19,120
personally think about the planet and

3579
02:32:23,270 --> 02:32:22,000
what what strikes me is its beautiful

3580
02:32:26,309 --> 02:32:23,280
simplicity

3581
02:32:29,670 --> 02:32:26,319
and it's our own spaceship for all of us

3582
02:32:32,389 --> 02:32:29,680
and that we as a as a whole mankind need

3583
02:32:34,630 --> 02:32:32,399
to take care of that spaceship and

3584
02:32:36,630 --> 02:32:34,640
that's what being up here has really

3585
02:32:38,630 --> 02:32:36,640
given me the perspective on the

3586
02:32:40,309 --> 02:32:38,640
importance of taking care of our planet

3587
02:32:42,309 --> 02:32:40,319
earth

3588
02:32:43,590 --> 02:32:42,319
i see a young blue suit astronaut in

3589
02:32:45,830 --> 02:32:43,600
training in the audience who has a

3590
02:32:47,750 --> 02:32:45,840
question for you too

3591
02:32:51,270 --> 02:32:47,760
why do you guys live in the

3592
02:32:52,870 --> 02:32:51,280
international space station

3593
02:33:00,790 --> 02:32:52,880
why do you live in the international

3594
02:33:03,910 --> 02:33:02,950
well one of the main things that we want

3595
02:33:05,670 --> 02:33:03,920
to do

3596
02:33:09,190 --> 02:33:05,680
here at the international space station

3597
02:33:11,910 --> 02:33:09,200
as you can see we have no gravity

3598
02:33:13,990 --> 02:33:11,920
i'm going to lose myself

3599
02:33:16,150 --> 02:33:14,000
and there are a lot of things we can

3600
02:33:17,990 --> 02:33:16,160
study without gravity when you're on

3601
02:33:20,070 --> 02:33:18,000
earth you drop something and it falls

3602
02:33:22,150 --> 02:33:20,080
and it affects absolutely everything

3603
02:33:26,150 --> 02:33:22,160
when gravity pulls on it and so what we

3604
02:33:28,630 --> 02:33:26,160
can do here is study how liquids um and

3605
02:33:30,389 --> 02:33:28,640
various things work and what they what

3606
02:33:32,150 --> 02:33:30,399
they want to do on their own without

3607
02:33:34,950 --> 02:33:32,160
that pull of gravity and that's very

3608
02:33:37,030 --> 02:33:34,960
important for helping solve some of the

3609
02:33:39,270 --> 02:33:37,040
questions that scientists have about how

3610
02:33:41,030 --> 02:33:39,280
things work on the earth and it also is

3611
02:33:43,110 --> 02:33:41,040
very important for us to answer some of

3612
02:33:45,030 --> 02:33:43,120
the questions of how we can travel even

3613
02:33:48,150 --> 02:33:45,040
further than the international space

3614
02:33:52,630 --> 02:33:48,160
station and explore just like it's our

3615
02:33:56,710 --> 02:33:55,030
from twitter user leah crane can you see

3616
02:34:05,429 --> 02:33:56,720
meteors burning up in the atmosphere

3617
02:34:08,870 --> 02:34:07,510
actually yes i um i haven't seen one

3618
02:34:11,750 --> 02:34:08,880
since i've been up here in the past

3619
02:34:13,270 --> 02:34:11,760
couple months but i i do remember on on

3620
02:34:14,950 --> 02:34:13,280
my shuttle flight

3621
02:34:16,870 --> 02:34:14,960
perhaps it was that time that period of

3622
02:34:18,710 --> 02:34:16,880
time when we were all in the flight deck

3623
02:34:21,830 --> 02:34:18,720
looking out the windows that we could

3624
02:34:30,710 --> 02:34:21,840
see shooting stars below us

3625
02:34:36,309 --> 02:34:33,349
good hi what are some challenges to

3626
02:34:42,070 --> 02:34:36,319
everyday life um in zero gravity

3627
02:34:47,349 --> 02:34:44,309
well like karen was just talking about

3628
02:34:49,110 --> 02:34:47,359
gravity the absence of it can be a

3629
02:34:50,710 --> 02:34:49,120
challenge it can also be very helpful

3630
02:34:53,190 --> 02:34:50,720
when we're working obviously with large

3631
02:34:54,870 --> 02:34:53,200
mass things it's nice not to have that

3632
02:34:57,510 --> 02:34:54,880
uh gravity pull

3633
02:34:59,030 --> 02:34:57,520
but with smaller things it's actually

3634
02:35:00,950 --> 02:34:59,040
pretty inconvenient if you're taking

3635
02:35:01,830 --> 02:35:00,960
apart something with screws or small

3636
02:35:04,070 --> 02:35:01,840
parts

3637
02:35:05,349 --> 02:35:04,080
what do you do with all those items and

3638
02:35:07,830 --> 02:35:05,359
uh we use

3639
02:35:10,309 --> 02:35:07,840
great tape for instance and and put

3640
02:35:12,070 --> 02:35:10,319
stick things to that or we'll put

3641
02:35:13,830 --> 02:35:12,080
if it's a larger item we'll put it up

3642
02:35:15,270 --> 02:35:13,840
against the inlet of a fan and it'll

3643
02:35:17,190 --> 02:35:15,280
hold it in place

3644
02:35:20,230 --> 02:35:17,200
those kind of things are our everyday

3645
02:35:22,550 --> 02:35:20,240
challenges that that we face as we as we

3646
02:35:25,349 --> 02:35:22,560
work up here and uh and then the

3647
02:35:27,429 --> 02:35:25,359
challenges to ourselves is if we did not

3648
02:35:29,429 --> 02:35:27,439
do any exercise i'm sure you've heard

3649
02:35:31,030 --> 02:35:29,439
about this um our bones would just

3650
02:35:33,349 --> 02:35:31,040
atrophy and they would think ah they

3651
02:35:36,309 --> 02:35:33,359
don't i don't need to work so i can i

3652
02:35:38,870 --> 02:35:36,319
can quit doing my bone thing here and uh

3653
02:35:41,030 --> 02:35:38,880
and our job is to work consistently work

3654
02:35:42,550 --> 02:35:41,040
those bones so that we minimize that

3655
02:35:43,990 --> 02:35:42,560
bone density loss when we get back to

3656
02:35:45,910 --> 02:35:44,000
the earth so those are a few challenges

3657
02:35:48,550 --> 02:35:45,920
that we have on our self and our daily

3658
02:35:52,309 --> 02:35:49,670
we have another

3659
02:35:54,790 --> 02:35:52,319
question here from twitter user isgamore

3660
02:35:56,630 --> 02:35:54,800
the idea of extending iss beyond 2020

3661
02:35:58,230 --> 02:35:56,640
seems to be a given are there any real

3662
02:36:05,750 --> 02:35:58,240
hurdles that must be cleared besides

3663
02:36:11,510 --> 02:36:08,630
i think one of the big things is that

3664
02:36:12,790 --> 02:36:11,520
things tend to break down after after

3665
02:36:14,790 --> 02:36:12,800
they've been used for a certain amount

3666
02:36:16,550 --> 02:36:14,800
of time and engineers

3667
02:36:18,790 --> 02:36:16,560
built and designed and built the space

3668
02:36:21,510 --> 02:36:18,800
station tried really hard to use

3669
02:36:23,830 --> 02:36:21,520
equipment that had long life time but

3670
02:36:25,590 --> 02:36:23,840
you think about in your own home an air

3671
02:36:27,349 --> 02:36:25,600
conditioning unit is only going to last

3672
02:36:29,510 --> 02:36:27,359
for so many years before you either have

3673
02:36:31,830 --> 02:36:29,520
to replace the entire thing or replace

3674
02:36:33,990 --> 02:36:31,840
one of the one of the pieces of it

3675
02:36:37,270 --> 02:36:34,000
and here on the space station you know

3676
02:36:39,110 --> 02:36:37,280
luckily we do have the access of various

3677
02:36:41,670 --> 02:36:39,120
cargo vehicles that can bring up spare

3678
02:36:43,510 --> 02:36:41,680
parts but as the station ages i you know

3679
02:36:45,510 --> 02:36:43,520
i think more and more things might start

3680
02:36:46,950 --> 02:36:45,520
breaking and and it's hard to anticipate

3681
02:36:48,550 --> 02:36:46,960
exactly what's going to break like with

3682
02:36:50,630 --> 02:36:48,560
the spacesuit problem we had a couple

3683
02:36:52,389 --> 02:36:50,640
weeks ago nobody probably ever would

3684
02:36:54,790 --> 02:36:52,399
have thought that we would have had that

3685
02:36:56,630 --> 02:36:54,800
malfunction but we did and i think that

3686
02:36:58,550 --> 02:36:56,640
that's bound to happen and so i think

3687
02:36:59,830 --> 02:36:58,560
that will be a struggle as we continue

3688
02:37:01,510 --> 02:36:59,840
on but not something that's

3689
02:37:02,950 --> 02:37:01,520
insurmountable

3690
02:37:05,349 --> 02:37:02,960
in fact

3691
02:37:07,510 --> 02:37:05,359
yeah besides the fun of flying from one

3692
02:37:09,349 --> 02:37:07,520
end of the space station to the other um

3693
02:37:11,750 --> 02:37:09,359
given a little bit of free time that you

3694
02:37:13,349 --> 02:37:11,760
do get uh how much time do you spend

3695
02:37:15,910 --> 02:37:13,359
just looking out the window in the

3696
02:37:18,150 --> 02:37:15,920
cupola and then also could you describe

3697
02:37:19,830 --> 02:37:18,160
the first time on station when you went

3698
02:37:25,510 --> 02:37:19,840
in there what that feeling was like

3699
02:37:29,910 --> 02:37:27,110
yeah you hit the nail on the head the

3700
02:37:31,750 --> 02:37:29,920
cupola is just a magnificent place to go

3701
02:37:33,830 --> 02:37:31,760
and when both karen and i were here on

3702
02:37:36,150 --> 02:37:33,840
our shuttle flights that cupola was not

3703
02:37:37,429 --> 02:37:36,160
part of the space station so for me the

3704
02:37:39,270 --> 02:37:37,439
first time

3705
02:37:40,870 --> 02:37:39,280
seeing it for real with my own eyes was

3706
02:37:43,990 --> 02:37:40,880
when i arrived here

3707
02:37:47,349 --> 02:37:44,000
um several months ago and just like you

3708
02:37:49,510 --> 02:37:47,359
alluded to it's breathtaking i mean you

3709
02:37:51,670 --> 02:37:49,520
i remember actually the first time is

3710
02:37:53,270 --> 02:37:51,680
when i opened the window shutters myself

3711
02:37:55,670 --> 02:37:53,280
so each of the windows has a shutter

3712
02:37:58,550 --> 02:37:55,680
that you can open it with a manual turn

3713
02:38:00,790 --> 02:37:58,560
and as i did i remember just looking out

3714
02:38:02,389 --> 02:38:00,800
there and seeing the earth out of one

3715
02:38:04,070 --> 02:38:02,399
window then another window and another

3716
02:38:06,550 --> 02:38:04,080
window and it seemed like i was in my

3717
02:38:09,670 --> 02:38:06,560
own real life imax movie or something

3718
02:38:11,590 --> 02:38:09,680
360 degrees of the earth and

3719
02:38:13,429 --> 02:38:11,600
and the other thing that's interesting

3720
02:38:15,270 --> 02:38:13,439
that you don't really think about

3721
02:38:16,950 --> 02:38:15,280
is it's on the bottom of the space

3722
02:38:19,190 --> 02:38:16,960
station and you go in there and your

3723
02:38:21,190 --> 02:38:19,200
head is directly to the earth so you're

3724
02:38:23,830 --> 02:38:21,200
upside down and it's a little

3725
02:38:25,590 --> 02:38:23,840
disorienting at first as if you're in an

3726
02:38:26,790 --> 02:38:25,600
airplane and you go inverted and you're

3727
02:38:28,469 --> 02:38:26,800
flying over

3728
02:38:30,469 --> 02:38:28,479
you're an area that you you're familiar

3729
02:38:32,070 --> 02:38:30,479
with like your hometown or something

3730
02:38:34,469 --> 02:38:32,080
you you look left and you look right you

3731
02:38:36,710 --> 02:38:34,479
have to reorient your brain and and that

3732
02:38:38,389 --> 02:38:36,720
took me some time getting used to okay

3733
02:38:40,309 --> 02:38:38,399
left means right right means left and

3734
02:38:42,389 --> 02:38:40,319
that sort of thing

3735
02:38:43,750 --> 02:38:42,399
so it's just a really really neat place

3736
02:38:45,110 --> 02:38:43,760
to go and i think the first part of your

3737
02:38:47,190 --> 02:38:45,120
question is how much time do we spend

3738
02:38:49,830 --> 02:38:47,200
there well as much time as we can

3739
02:38:51,590 --> 02:38:49,840
after the our evening dpc daily planning

3740
02:38:55,110 --> 02:38:51,600
conference we'll have dinner and then

3741
02:38:57,110 --> 02:38:55,120
usually um people trickle up to the

3742
02:38:58,790 --> 02:38:57,120
cupola to take pictures and see where we

3743
02:39:02,469 --> 02:38:58,800
are on the planet and just look before

3744
02:39:07,110 --> 02:39:05,510
twitter user chief r.a asks do you feel

3745
02:39:13,670 --> 02:39:07,120
ready to go to mars if you could leave

3746
02:39:16,389 --> 02:39:15,429
that's an interesting question to try to

3747
02:39:17,910 --> 02:39:16,399
answer

3748
02:39:19,429 --> 02:39:17,920
i think um

3749
02:39:22,309 --> 02:39:19,439
you know i could look at it personally

3750
02:39:24,550 --> 02:39:22,319
me ready or or us ready

3751
02:39:26,870 --> 02:39:24,560
again we could go back looking at us and

3752
02:39:29,270 --> 02:39:26,880
whether whether you know people are

3753
02:39:31,590 --> 02:39:29,280
ready to go in general the problems like

3754
02:39:33,429 --> 02:39:31,600
i just talked about fixing things

3755
02:39:34,710 --> 02:39:33,439
we have to remember that when we start a

3756
02:39:36,150 --> 02:39:34,720
trip to mars we're not going to have

3757
02:39:37,910 --> 02:39:36,160
those cargo vehicles to come and

3758
02:39:40,230 --> 02:39:37,920
resupply us we're not going to have the

3759
02:39:41,910 --> 02:39:40,240
cargo vehicles to to send up at the last

3760
02:39:44,710 --> 02:39:41,920
moment a spare part that we didn't

3761
02:39:46,070 --> 02:39:44,720
realize we were going to need and so

3762
02:39:47,750 --> 02:39:46,080
you know the work we're doing here on

3763
02:39:50,070 --> 02:39:47,760
the space station just running the space

3764
02:39:52,710 --> 02:39:50,080
station on a day-to-day basis i think is

3765
02:39:54,870 --> 02:39:52,720
a good test bed for for what we're going

3766
02:39:56,469 --> 02:39:54,880
to need to go to mars but i think i

3767
02:39:59,110 --> 02:39:56,479
think there's still some work to be done

3768
02:40:00,630 --> 02:39:59,120
i i'm confident we'll get there but um i

3769
02:40:02,469 --> 02:40:00,640
think there's just a lot of things to

3770
02:40:04,710 --> 02:40:02,479
think about knowing that it's it's a

3771
02:40:06,950 --> 02:40:04,720
trip that that can't be resupplied can't

3772
02:40:09,750 --> 02:40:06,960
be um you know once you're going you're

3773
02:40:11,110 --> 02:40:09,760
going and uh you know i i think we'll

3774
02:40:12,469 --> 02:40:11,120
get there eventually but i think right

3775
02:40:13,429 --> 02:40:12,479
now there's there's still a lot of work

3776
02:40:16,070 --> 02:40:13,439
to do

3777
02:40:19,349 --> 02:40:16,080
okay one more question from the audience

3778
02:40:21,349 --> 02:40:19,359
banking off of the uh the cupola um we

3779
02:40:23,429 --> 02:40:21,359
know that luca seems to have an affinity

3780
02:40:25,349 --> 02:40:23,439
of imaging italy

3781
02:40:27,670 --> 02:40:25,359
since we didn't we know that chris is uh

3782
02:40:33,349 --> 02:40:27,680
tweetless what are your favorite spots

3783
02:40:36,870 --> 02:40:35,349
well thank you for giving me opportunity

3784
02:40:39,030 --> 02:40:36,880
to answer this question with more than

3785
02:40:39,990 --> 02:40:39,040
140 characters

3786
02:40:42,630 --> 02:40:40,000
um

3787
02:40:45,590 --> 02:40:42,640
my favorite place to look

3788
02:40:47,750 --> 02:40:45,600
is um i i've said this a couple times

3789
02:40:49,510 --> 02:40:47,760
and i really mean it it's where

3790
02:40:51,349 --> 02:40:49,520
the uh

3791
02:40:53,429 --> 02:40:51,359
the oceans meet

3792
02:40:55,190 --> 02:40:53,439
river areas you know river deltas and

3793
02:40:56,710 --> 02:40:55,200
things you just get really really

3794
02:40:58,950 --> 02:40:56,720
interesting and neat

3795
02:41:01,910 --> 02:40:58,960
patterns in the ocean and the brown

3796
02:41:04,070 --> 02:41:01,920
where the brown river meets the blues of

3797
02:41:05,910 --> 02:41:04,080
the ocean and you can see that the tidal

3798
02:41:07,830 --> 02:41:05,920
patterns and things like this i just

3799
02:41:10,469 --> 02:41:07,840
find that really really cool so that's

3800
02:41:12,870 --> 02:41:10,479
the area that i like to to look around

3801
02:41:15,429 --> 02:41:12,880
and usually there's a lot of cities

3802
02:41:18,550 --> 02:41:15,439
obviously around the uh the oceans as

3803
02:41:21,349 --> 02:41:18,560
well so at night it's it's an an easier

3804
02:41:23,910 --> 02:41:21,359
place to find major cities and you can

3805
02:41:27,590 --> 02:41:23,920
kind of direct your vision uh okay

3806
02:41:29,910 --> 02:41:27,600
that's um that's washington dc new york

3807
02:41:32,150 --> 02:41:29,920
there's boston kind of a thing and as

3808
02:41:34,230 --> 02:41:32,160
you go up the coastline so the i have an

3809
02:41:36,630 --> 02:41:34,240
affinity for the coastline maybe it's my

3810
02:41:38,150 --> 02:41:36,640
navy background i don't know

3811
02:41:40,309 --> 02:41:38,160
karen chris i know we lose you in just a

3812
02:41:41,670 --> 02:41:40,319
couple of minutes so to to here to close

3813
02:41:43,030 --> 02:41:41,680
us out as our is our final speaker for

3814
02:41:44,710 --> 02:41:43,040
the day to say a few words to you it's

3815
02:41:49,030 --> 02:41:44,720
nasa administrator charlie bolden

3816
02:41:52,230 --> 02:41:50,630
hi karen and chris i know you all have

3817
02:41:54,469 --> 02:41:52,240
to get back to work but let me thank you

3818
02:41:57,349 --> 02:41:54,479
very much uh for sharing your time with

3819
02:41:59,510 --> 02:41:57,359
us today it's fascinating watching you

3820
02:42:01,750 --> 02:41:59,520
and i i listened to the questions

3821
02:42:04,150 --> 02:42:01,760
uh thinking of how i might have answered

3822
02:42:06,870 --> 02:42:04,160
them and i realized how old i am and how

3823
02:42:08,469 --> 02:42:06,880
long it's been since i was where you are

3824
02:42:09,990 --> 02:42:08,479
and but i want to thank you for

3825
02:42:11,750 --> 02:42:10,000
everything i want to thank you for the

3826
02:42:13,510 --> 02:42:11,760
just the tremendous job of outreach that

3827
02:42:14,389 --> 02:42:13,520
you have been doing throughout your time

3828
02:42:17,030 --> 02:42:14,399
there

3829
02:42:18,950 --> 02:42:17,040
uh and and congratulations we're

3830
02:42:22,070 --> 02:42:18,960
celebrating a great anniversary here

3831
02:42:24,469 --> 02:42:22,080
today uh anniversary of of curiosity's

3832
02:42:26,550 --> 02:42:24,479
landing and i know where i was because i

3833
02:42:31,670 --> 02:42:26,560
was sweating beads at jpl so thanks to

3834
02:42:37,590 --> 02:42:33,190
thank you sir it was an honor to be with

3835
02:42:42,150 --> 02:42:39,910
congratulations to the entire mars

3836
02:42:44,389 --> 02:42:42,160
curiosity team

3837
02:42:46,550 --> 02:42:44,399
thanks so much and let me uh again

3838
02:42:48,230 --> 02:42:46,560
welcome all of you here today and and

3839
02:42:50,550 --> 02:42:48,240
actually to thank you for coming out and

3840
02:42:53,030 --> 02:42:50,560
helping us celebrate the the one year

3841
02:42:54,150 --> 02:42:53,040
anniversary of curiosity's landing on

3842
02:42:56,389 --> 02:42:54,160
mars

3843
02:42:57,830 --> 02:42:56,399
as i as i just mentioned to chris and

3844
02:43:00,150 --> 02:42:57,840
karen um

3845
02:43:02,630 --> 02:43:00,160
i i was privileged to be in the control

3846
02:43:03,990 --> 02:43:02,640
center at jpl and and we were literally

3847
02:43:06,309 --> 02:43:04,000
sweating beads and biting our

3848
02:43:08,309 --> 02:43:06,319
fingernails uh as some of you may

3849
02:43:10,070 --> 02:43:08,319
remember from wherever you look

3850
02:43:13,670 --> 02:43:10,080
i think it's incredibly fitting that we

3851
02:43:15,590 --> 02:43:13,680
ended today's uh formal presentations

3852
02:43:17,270 --> 02:43:15,600
uh with a conversation with our

3853
02:43:19,670 --> 02:43:17,280
astronauts on board the international

3854
02:43:22,550 --> 02:43:19,680
space station because station is our toe

3855
02:43:25,429 --> 02:43:22,560
hold on the universe it is in fact uh

3856
02:43:26,469 --> 02:43:25,439
our our waypoint to mars and it is in

3857
02:43:28,630 --> 02:43:26,479
fact the

3858
02:43:31,270 --> 02:43:28,640
probably the last outpost of humanity

3859
02:43:33,429 --> 02:43:31,280
before we find ourselves uh permanently

3860
02:43:35,990 --> 02:43:33,439
on mars one of these days

3861
02:43:38,630 --> 02:43:36,000
you've heard a lot of about the amazing

3862
02:43:40,950 --> 02:43:38,640
launch uh the seven minutes of terror

3863
02:43:43,110 --> 02:43:40,960
the entry and landing on mars

3864
02:43:45,190 --> 02:43:43,120
and almost daily breakthrough uh

3865
02:43:48,389 --> 02:43:45,200
discoveries that this that curiosity

3866
02:43:49,269 --> 02:43:48,399
continues to make uh over these past 12

3867
02:43:51,349 --> 02:43:49,279
months

3868
02:43:53,349 --> 02:43:51,359
we've talked about other robotic

3869
02:43:55,910 --> 02:43:53,359
missions to the red planet that nasa is

3870
02:43:58,389 --> 02:43:55,920
now planning and i just want to spend a

3871
02:44:00,230 --> 02:43:58,399
few moments talking about why mars is

3872
02:44:02,950 --> 02:44:00,240
the linchpin of nasa's planetary

3873
02:44:05,429 --> 02:44:02,960
exploration strategy and how curiosity

3874
02:44:07,750 --> 02:44:05,439
and other robotic missions are setting

3875
02:44:10,469 --> 02:44:07,760
the stage for the main event a human

3876
02:44:12,389 --> 02:44:10,479
mission to mars in the 2030s

3877
02:44:14,150 --> 02:44:12,399
first of all why mars

3878
02:44:17,030 --> 02:44:14,160
you know hopefully everybody in this

3879
02:44:18,710 --> 02:44:17,040
room has an answer to that

3880
02:44:21,429 --> 02:44:18,720
or some of you may be sitting here and

3881
02:44:24,389 --> 02:44:21,439
you came out because you don't know

3882
02:44:26,230 --> 02:44:24,399
and and you're skeptical and you say i

3883
02:44:27,990 --> 02:44:26,240
think it's stupid you know why do we

3884
02:44:30,389 --> 02:44:28,000
want to do that cost much uh it's

3885
02:44:32,630 --> 02:44:30,399
dangerous uh it takes a lot of time so

3886
02:44:33,910 --> 02:44:32,640
why mars first

3887
02:44:35,429 --> 02:44:33,920
let me say

3888
02:44:37,429 --> 02:44:35,439
that you know mars is the most

3889
02:44:38,790 --> 02:44:37,439
earth-like of any of the planets in our

3890
02:44:41,830 --> 02:44:38,800
solar system

3891
02:44:42,950 --> 02:44:41,840
uh and so it's why we choose to explore

3892
02:44:45,750 --> 02:44:42,960
it

3893
02:44:48,309 --> 02:44:45,760
if life exists beyond earth and i am one

3894
02:44:51,190 --> 02:44:48,319
who believes that it may very well

3895
02:44:53,349 --> 02:44:51,200
uh mars for me is the most likely place

3896
02:44:56,230 --> 02:44:53,359
that that life will be found

3897
02:44:58,630 --> 02:44:56,240
what we can learn from mars about uh

3898
02:45:01,190 --> 02:44:58,640
about our own earth and what we can

3899
02:45:02,790 --> 02:45:01,200
learn about mars from further studies

3900
02:45:04,790 --> 02:45:02,800
will improve our understanding of

3901
02:45:06,230 --> 02:45:04,800
planetary and biological processes that

3902
02:45:08,790 --> 02:45:06,240
affect the earth

3903
02:45:11,190 --> 02:45:08,800
and our life here from the core

3904
02:45:12,389 --> 02:45:11,200
uh of of our earth to the top of our

3905
02:45:14,790 --> 02:45:12,399
atmosphere

3906
02:45:17,510 --> 02:45:14,800
our conversation with astronauts today

3907
02:45:20,150 --> 02:45:17,520
reminds us that iss is our springboard

3908
02:45:22,469 --> 02:45:20,160
to nasa's next big leap in exploration

3909
02:45:25,030 --> 02:45:22,479
our activities and experiences on the

3910
02:45:27,670 --> 02:45:25,040
iss are significantly contributing to

3911
02:45:29,990 --> 02:45:27,680
sending humans to mars in fact

3912
02:45:31,750 --> 02:45:30,000
when we sit around in quiet meetings if

3913
02:45:33,429 --> 02:45:31,760
there are any such thing here at nasa

3914
02:45:35,830 --> 02:45:33,439
headquarters

3915
02:45:37,510 --> 02:45:35,840
but when we sit around in our meetings

3916
02:45:39,349 --> 02:45:37,520
our safety guys

3917
02:45:41,670 --> 02:45:39,359
always remind us

3918
02:45:44,309 --> 02:45:41,680
as we deliberate on what next you know

3919
02:45:46,630 --> 02:45:44,319
they they ask us over and over um

3920
02:45:49,110 --> 02:45:46,640
are we serious about going to mars

3921
02:45:50,950 --> 02:45:49,120
we say yep they say okay

3922
02:45:52,950 --> 02:45:50,960
it's what we're about to do going to

3923
02:45:54,710 --> 02:45:52,960
contribute to going to mars we say yep

3924
02:45:56,150 --> 02:45:54,720
they said all right we're okay with it

3925
02:45:58,389 --> 02:45:56,160
because we shouldn't be putting people

3926
02:45:59,510 --> 02:45:58,399
at risk if we're not really trying to go

3927
02:46:01,030 --> 02:45:59,520
there

3928
02:46:02,469 --> 02:46:01,040
because we're doing some we're hanging

3929
02:46:04,389 --> 02:46:02,479
it out every once in a while and we're

3930
02:46:05,670 --> 02:46:04,399
doing some pretty risky stuff and we're

3931
02:46:07,910 --> 02:46:05,680
going to do things that are even more

3932
02:46:10,070 --> 02:46:07,920
risky than anything you've ever seen

3933
02:46:10,870 --> 02:46:10,080
nasa attempt before in the coming years

3934
02:46:13,590 --> 02:46:10,880
so

3935
02:46:15,349 --> 02:46:13,600
um you know we we need to make sure that

3936
02:46:18,469 --> 02:46:15,359
everything we do is significantly

3937
02:46:20,950 --> 02:46:18,479
contributing to sending humans to mars

3938
02:46:22,950 --> 02:46:20,960
nasa and our international partners are

3939
02:46:25,190 --> 02:46:22,960
confronting challenges on a daily basis

3940
02:46:26,150 --> 02:46:25,200
that are critical to sending humans to

3941
02:46:28,070 --> 02:46:26,160
mars

3942
02:46:29,670 --> 02:46:28,080
this includes life support systems and

3943
02:46:31,590 --> 02:46:29,680
the challenges in maintaining them you

3944
02:46:33,429 --> 02:46:31,600
heard chris and and karen in their

3945
02:46:34,469 --> 02:46:33,439
conversation you know what did karen say

3946
02:46:37,190 --> 02:46:34,479
who would have ever thought we'd have

3947
02:46:40,309 --> 02:46:37,200
had a water leak the magnitude that we

3948
02:46:42,469 --> 02:46:40,319
had on the emu on the spacesuit until it

3949
02:46:45,269 --> 02:46:42,479
actually happened uh you know if that

3950
02:46:47,269 --> 02:46:45,279
had been on the way to mars

3951
02:46:48,870 --> 02:46:47,279
there's no getting a replacement unit

3952
02:46:51,030 --> 02:46:48,880
from the ground there's no getting any

3953
02:46:53,990 --> 02:46:51,040
tools from the ground the way that we're

3954
02:46:55,750 --> 02:46:54,000
doing to help us troubleshoot uh the emu

3955
02:46:58,070 --> 02:46:55,760
right now so we've gotta we've gotta

3956
02:47:00,070 --> 02:46:58,080
make sure that the systems are solid uh

3957
02:47:01,269 --> 02:47:00,080
when we when we send a crew on the way

3958
02:47:03,269 --> 02:47:01,279
to mars

3959
02:47:05,349 --> 02:47:03,279
uh there are things about the human body

3960
02:47:07,590 --> 02:47:05,359
uh in the microgravity environment that

3961
02:47:09,349 --> 02:47:07,600
we still don't understand

3962
02:47:12,070 --> 02:47:09,359
and so human health and performance

3963
02:47:14,469 --> 02:47:12,080
becomes most important to us and chris

3964
02:47:16,550 --> 02:47:14,479
alluded to it again we have to remember

3965
02:47:17,990 --> 02:47:16,560
where when we go to mars

3966
02:47:19,590 --> 02:47:18,000
it is not

3967
02:47:22,469 --> 02:47:19,600
like going to the international space

3968
02:47:25,429 --> 02:47:22,479
station when we go to station we go

3969
02:47:27,830 --> 02:47:25,439
prepared to live six months in a micro

3970
02:47:29,030 --> 02:47:27,840
gravity environment when we go to mars

3971
02:47:30,389 --> 02:47:29,040
we're going to have to prepare to live

3972
02:47:31,510 --> 02:47:30,399
eight months in a micro gravity

3973
02:47:33,910 --> 02:47:31,520
environment

3974
02:47:35,429 --> 02:47:33,920
only to transfer to a gravity

3975
02:47:38,630 --> 02:47:35,439
environment where we're going to be for

3976
02:47:41,349 --> 02:47:38,640
at least a year and maybe even more time

3977
02:47:43,269 --> 02:47:41,359
the body has not done that before where

3978
02:47:45,590 --> 02:47:43,279
it goes

3979
02:47:47,269 --> 02:47:45,600
microgravity to a gravity environment

3980
02:47:49,750 --> 02:47:47,279
for a temporary stay back into

3981
02:47:52,150 --> 02:47:49,760
microgravity and then back to earth

3982
02:47:54,550 --> 02:47:52,160
so so challenges abound

3983
02:47:56,870 --> 02:47:54,560
we're using iss as a test bed for

3984
02:47:58,469 --> 02:47:56,880
technologies and systems and you heard

3985
02:48:00,469 --> 02:47:58,479
some of the presenters this morning talk

3986
02:48:02,790 --> 02:48:00,479
about those technologies and systems

3987
02:48:04,630 --> 02:48:02,800
that are under development for mars

3988
02:48:06,950 --> 02:48:04,640
exploration with humans

3989
02:48:08,550 --> 02:48:06,960
as you've heard our goal in goals

3990
02:48:10,950 --> 02:48:08,560
include both new

3991
02:48:13,429 --> 02:48:10,960
path-breaking robotic missions to mars

3992
02:48:15,349 --> 02:48:13,439
and a groundbreaking asteroid mission on

3993
02:48:16,550 --> 02:48:15,359
the way to our ultimate goal of humans

3994
02:48:19,190 --> 02:48:16,560
on mars

3995
02:48:21,349 --> 02:48:19,200
so the wheels of curiosity are literally

3996
02:48:22,630 --> 02:48:21,359
blazing the trail for human footprints

3997
02:48:24,790 --> 02:48:22,640
on mars

3998
02:48:27,349 --> 02:48:24,800
our success in landing a heavier payload

3999
02:48:29,429 --> 02:48:27,359
on mars with increased precision brings

4000
02:48:30,550 --> 02:48:29,439
us closer to developing capabilities

4001
02:48:32,870 --> 02:48:30,560
necessary

4002
02:48:34,950 --> 02:48:32,880
for human missions to mars

4003
02:48:36,790 --> 02:48:34,960
measurements taken by msl as it

4004
02:48:39,190 --> 02:48:36,800
delivered the curiosity rover to mars

4005
02:48:41,670 --> 02:48:39,200
last year have provided nasa the

4006
02:48:43,830 --> 02:48:41,680
information to help design systems to

4007
02:48:47,110 --> 02:48:43,840
protect human explorers from radiation

4008
02:48:49,269 --> 02:48:47,120
exposure in future deep space missions

4009
02:48:51,349 --> 02:48:49,279
and as you have also heard our recently

4010
02:48:54,230 --> 02:48:51,359
announced mission to identify

4011
02:48:55,910 --> 02:48:54,240
capture redirect and sample an asteroid

4012
02:48:57,990 --> 02:48:55,920
would mark an unprecedented

4013
02:48:59,830 --> 02:48:58,000
technological achievement to help reach

4014
02:49:03,190 --> 02:48:59,840
the president's goal of sending human to

4015
02:49:05,510 --> 02:49:03,200
humans to mars in the 2030s

4016
02:49:09,110 --> 02:49:05,520
it's important to remember that the us

4017
02:49:12,070 --> 02:49:09,120
through nasa was the first and still the

4018
02:49:15,110 --> 02:49:12,080
only nation to land humans on the moon

4019
02:49:17,429 --> 02:49:15,120
in 1969 and after that

4020
02:49:21,030 --> 02:49:17,439
we're determined that america leads the

4021
02:49:21,990 --> 02:49:21,040
way to first footprints on mars

4022
02:49:24,230 --> 02:49:22,000
we know

4023
02:49:26,070 --> 02:49:24,240
we could not do the amazing things we do

4024
02:49:29,510 --> 02:49:26,080
without the support of the president the

4025
02:49:30,950 --> 02:49:29,520
congress and most importantly you the

4026
02:49:32,550 --> 02:49:30,960
american people

4027
02:49:34,550 --> 02:49:32,560
so

4028
02:49:37,990 --> 02:49:34,560
as we wish curiosity a happy first

4029
02:49:39,990 --> 02:49:38,000
birthday we offer you our thanks

4030
02:49:42,550 --> 02:49:40,000
with your continued interest and support

4031
02:49:44,389 --> 02:49:42,560
i have no doubt that america will remain

4032
02:49:46,389 --> 02:49:44,399
the world's leading space-faring nation

4033
02:49:48,630 --> 02:49:46,399
as we move towards sending

4034
02:49:50,230 --> 02:49:48,640
humans farther into space than we've

4035
02:49:52,870 --> 02:49:50,240
ever gone before

4036
02:49:54,710 --> 02:49:52,880
including an asteroid in mars

4037
02:49:57,750 --> 02:49:54,720
once only dreams

4038
02:50:00,389 --> 02:49:57,760
these goals are now within our grasp

4039
02:50:02,389 --> 02:50:00,399
and we hope you're as excited as we are

4040
02:50:04,389 --> 02:50:02,399
about accepting this challenge

4041
02:50:07,190 --> 02:50:04,399
uh thank you again for coming today and

4042
02:50:09,429 --> 02:50:07,200
i i think there's a little time for a

4043
02:50:10,950 --> 02:50:09,439
few questions if you have them

4044
02:50:18,070 --> 02:50:10,960
you won't let me get away from the

4045
02:50:20,870 --> 02:50:19,590
charlie let me let me start off uh

4046
02:50:23,190 --> 02:50:20,880
there's one thing i like to remind

4047
02:50:24,950 --> 02:50:23,200
people we didn't get to tell a lot of

4048
02:50:26,469 --> 02:50:24,960
the orion sls story because we were

4049
02:50:27,750 --> 02:50:26,479
focused on some overcoming some of the

4050
02:50:29,349 --> 02:50:27,760
challenges and ways we're doing that can

4051
02:50:30,389 --> 02:50:29,359
you say there's a couple of words about

4052
02:50:31,910 --> 02:50:30,399
some of the hardware we're building the

4053
02:50:33,030 --> 02:50:31,920
new rocket and spacecraft will help

4054
02:50:35,030 --> 02:50:33,040
enable this

4055
02:50:36,550 --> 02:50:35,040
path to mars i think somebody's talked

4056
02:50:38,230 --> 02:50:36,560
already or at least hopefully someone's

4057
02:50:39,750 --> 02:50:38,240
talked today a little bit about our

4058
02:50:41,910 --> 02:50:39,760
commercial ventures

4059
02:50:43,590 --> 02:50:41,920
we already have two commercial providers

4060
02:50:45,269 --> 02:50:43,600
that are taking cargo

4061
02:50:47,750 --> 02:50:45,279
or at least two that will be taking

4062
02:50:49,830 --> 02:50:47,760
cargo spacex's had two successful

4063
02:50:53,510 --> 02:50:49,840
launches with their dragon module taking

4064
02:50:56,870 --> 02:50:53,520
uh taken cargo to station and uh antares

4065
02:50:59,190 --> 02:50:56,880
will be launching uh the the um

4066
02:51:00,950 --> 02:50:59,200
cygnus module for orbital sciences

4067
02:51:02,710 --> 02:51:00,960
hopefully next month so that will give

4068
02:51:05,990 --> 02:51:02,720
us a second american company taking

4069
02:51:08,150 --> 02:51:06,000
cargo then we have boeing uh spacex and

4070
02:51:09,590 --> 02:51:08,160
sierra nevada that are vying for the

4071
02:51:11,030 --> 02:51:09,600
opportunity to begin to take our

4072
02:51:13,190 --> 02:51:11,040
astronauts from earth to the

4073
02:51:15,349 --> 02:51:13,200
international space station and love

4074
02:51:17,269 --> 02:51:15,359
other low-earth orbit destinations what

4075
02:51:19,030 --> 02:51:17,279
that's allowed us to do is to get out of

4076
02:51:21,110 --> 02:51:19,040
the low earth orbit business to get out

4077
02:51:23,910 --> 02:51:21,120
of the access to space business and

4078
02:51:26,309 --> 02:51:23,920
really focus on putting together uh the

4079
02:51:28,389 --> 02:51:26,319
systems that will allow us to take uh

4080
02:51:30,070 --> 02:51:28,399
humans take our astronauts to asteroids

4081
02:51:32,150 --> 02:51:30,080
and onto mars and perhaps even other

4082
02:51:35,510 --> 02:51:32,160
places and those two vehicles that we

4083
02:51:37,190 --> 02:51:35,520
have chosen uh are called the sls right

4084
02:51:39,590 --> 02:51:37,200
now lacking a name and everybody's

4085
02:51:41,349 --> 02:51:39,600
pressing me to get a name but i like sls

4086
02:51:42,550 --> 02:51:41,359
the space launch system or heavy lift

4087
02:51:45,750 --> 02:51:42,560
launch vehicle

4088
02:51:47,590 --> 02:51:45,760
and uh in orion the crew module its

4089
02:51:48,870 --> 02:51:47,600
formal name is multi-purpose crew

4090
02:51:51,190 --> 02:51:48,880
vehicle

4091
02:51:52,230 --> 02:51:51,200
they are well on their way to being

4092
02:51:53,830 --> 02:51:52,240
developed

4093
02:51:55,750 --> 02:51:53,840
we just finished what we call a

4094
02:51:58,630 --> 02:51:55,760
preliminary design review which was a

4095
02:52:00,389 --> 02:51:58,640
very critical milestone for sls up at

4096
02:52:01,830 --> 02:52:00,399
the marshall space flight center just

4097
02:52:04,790 --> 02:52:01,840
last month

4098
02:52:07,990 --> 02:52:04,800
we'll have a similar milestone come for

4099
02:52:11,349 --> 02:52:08,000
orion this fall and that'll tell us that

4100
02:52:13,670 --> 02:52:11,359
that we're on a a steady path to having

4101
02:52:16,550 --> 02:52:13,680
both of these vehicles ready to fly

4102
02:52:18,870 --> 02:52:16,560
orion the crew vehicle in a shell of a

4103
02:52:22,950 --> 02:52:18,880
form will fly its first time

4104
02:52:24,790 --> 02:52:22,960
uh the fall of next year fall of 2014

4105
02:52:27,510 --> 02:52:24,800
we'll launch it on a delta iv rocket

4106
02:52:30,389 --> 02:52:27,520
from cape canaveral florida and send it

4107
02:52:32,230 --> 02:52:30,399
into an orbit that uh will get it high

4108
02:52:34,230 --> 02:52:32,240
enough and fast enough such that when it

4109
02:52:36,070 --> 02:52:34,240
comes back to reenter earth's atmosphere

4110
02:52:38,389 --> 02:52:36,080
it's going at about the speeds that we

4111
02:52:39,910 --> 02:52:38,399
would fly for a mission back from the

4112
02:52:41,590 --> 02:52:39,920
moon or from mars so we want to

4113
02:52:43,910 --> 02:52:41,600
demonstrate that it can withstand the

4114
02:52:46,710 --> 02:52:43,920
pressures and temperatures of re-entry

4115
02:52:49,349 --> 02:52:46,720
at those speeds sls is scheduled for its

4116
02:52:52,550 --> 02:52:49,359
first flight in 2017. we'll put it

4117
02:52:53,910 --> 02:52:52,560
together again with an uncrewed uh orion

4118
02:52:56,230 --> 02:52:53,920
module and that'll be the first time

4119
02:52:58,469 --> 02:52:56,240
that you actually see us launch and fly

4120
02:53:01,750 --> 02:52:58,479
them as an integrated system and that's

4121
02:53:04,389 --> 02:53:01,760
leading us to a 20 hopefully 2020 uh

4122
02:53:07,190 --> 02:53:04,399
mission of sls on orion with a crude

4123
02:53:09,910 --> 02:53:07,200
vehicle this time and if all goes well

4124
02:53:11,269 --> 02:53:09,920
and the asteroid initiative that's that

4125
02:53:13,510 --> 02:53:11,279
i think we may have talked to you a

4126
02:53:15,110 --> 02:53:13,520
little bit about earlier today if all

4127
02:53:17,590 --> 02:53:15,120
that works out and we have an asteroid

4128
02:53:19,990 --> 02:53:17,600
that's in place in orbit uh around the

4129
02:53:22,309 --> 02:53:20,000
moon then that that mission may actually

4130
02:53:23,750 --> 02:53:22,319
be one of the first times that humans

4131
02:53:26,790 --> 02:53:23,760
have an opportunity to encounter an

4132
02:53:28,550 --> 02:53:26,800
asteroid but that's sort of a sls and

4133
02:53:30,630 --> 02:53:28,560
orion in a nutshell perfect we have a

4134
02:53:33,110 --> 02:53:30,640
question here in the middle

4135
02:53:35,910 --> 02:53:33,120
yeah um other than budget

4136
02:53:38,070 --> 02:53:35,920
what are the biggest political hurdles

4137
02:53:40,630 --> 02:53:38,080
that the organization faces and how can

4138
02:53:42,230 --> 02:53:40,640
we all help um

4139
02:53:43,510 --> 02:53:42,240
you know i can't tell you to go talk to

4140
02:53:46,070 --> 02:53:43,520
your congressman but talk to your

4141
02:53:48,790 --> 02:53:46,080
congressmen and senators

4142
02:53:50,870 --> 02:53:48,800
yeah the political hurdle right now is

4143
02:53:52,870 --> 02:53:50,880
is the same thing that all of you face

4144
02:53:53,750 --> 02:53:52,880
as american citizens you want things

4145
02:53:54,950 --> 02:53:53,760
done

4146
02:53:58,230 --> 02:53:54,960
and

4147
02:54:00,630 --> 02:53:58,240
we just need we need for all of us

4148
02:54:03,349 --> 02:54:00,640
both the administration and the congress

4149
02:54:05,910 --> 02:54:03,359
to begin to come together and focus on

4150
02:54:07,590 --> 02:54:05,920
the future focus on what it is that that

4151
02:54:10,230 --> 02:54:07,600
made america great and will keep us

4152
02:54:11,110 --> 02:54:10,240
great um at the pace we're going right

4153
02:54:11,910 --> 02:54:11,120
now

4154
02:54:13,110 --> 02:54:11,920
um

4155
02:54:15,990 --> 02:54:13,120
you know we

4156
02:54:17,990 --> 02:54:16,000
we we stand in jeopardy of not being the

4157
02:54:20,630 --> 02:54:18,000
great nation that we always have been

4158
02:54:23,510 --> 02:54:20,640
and that that all of us expect to be so

4159
02:54:25,590 --> 02:54:23,520
i'm certain that uh that the political

4160
02:54:27,990 --> 02:54:25,600
powers here in town will come together

4161
02:54:30,150 --> 02:54:28,000
over time you can already hear

4162
02:54:31,590 --> 02:54:30,160
uh conversation and inklings that people

4163
02:54:33,510 --> 02:54:31,600
are starting to realize that you know

4164
02:54:34,950 --> 02:54:33,520
there are important things to be done

4165
02:54:37,030 --> 02:54:34,960
but

4166
02:54:39,269 --> 02:54:37,040
doing things like deep space exploration

4167
02:54:41,190 --> 02:54:39,279
require willpower more than

4168
02:54:43,510 --> 02:54:41,200
more than much other things

4169
02:54:45,429 --> 02:54:43,520
we went to the moon because of president

4170
02:54:46,230 --> 02:54:45,439
john f kennedy who did not live to see

4171
02:54:48,150 --> 02:54:46,240
it

4172
02:54:49,510 --> 02:54:48,160
but we had a vision that humans should

4173
02:54:51,830 --> 02:54:49,520
should someday

4174
02:54:54,070 --> 02:54:51,840
and he was very specific before the end

4175
02:54:56,950 --> 02:54:54,080
of that decade before the end of the 60s

4176
02:54:59,349 --> 02:54:56,960
we should go to the moon with with men

4177
02:55:02,070 --> 02:54:59,359
then and bring them safely back to earth

4178
02:55:03,830 --> 02:55:02,080
and uh this president has told us senate

4179
02:55:05,190 --> 02:55:03,840
uh he he wants it to be in his lifetime

4180
02:55:08,630 --> 02:55:05,200
but he knows it won't be in his

4181
02:55:11,110 --> 02:55:08,640
presidency because it's the 19 the 2030s

4182
02:55:14,070 --> 02:55:11,120
and so he wants us to send humans to

4183
02:55:15,510 --> 02:55:14,080
mars and bring them safely back home um

4184
02:55:16,950 --> 02:55:15,520
and i think we can do that but it's

4185
02:55:18,870 --> 02:55:16,960
going to take

4186
02:55:20,710 --> 02:55:18,880
combined willpower on the part of both

4187
02:55:22,950 --> 02:55:20,720
the administration the congress with all

4188
02:55:24,070 --> 02:55:22,960
three the administration the congress

4189
02:55:26,389 --> 02:55:24,080
and the

4190
02:55:29,269 --> 02:55:26,399
public not the american public but the

4191
02:55:31,990 --> 02:55:29,279
world public this is not going to be

4192
02:55:33,670 --> 02:55:32,000
a u.s venture we'll lead it but but we

4193
02:55:35,670 --> 02:55:33,680
can't do it without the assistance of

4194
02:55:37,030 --> 02:55:35,680
other nations

4195
02:55:39,269 --> 02:55:37,040
charlie i know you have administrator

4196
02:55:40,870 --> 02:55:39,279
things to do so i'll let you go go run

4197
02:55:42,630 --> 02:55:40,880
back to running now thank you all very

4198
02:55:49,910 --> 02:55:42,640
much thank you

4199
02:55:53,110 --> 02:55:51,030
all right so that's going to conclude

4200
02:55:55,510 --> 02:55:53,120
today's event as i said at the outset it

4201
02:55:57,269 --> 02:55:55,520
was it's a very special day in recent

4202
02:55:59,990 --> 02:55:57,279
nasa history this first anniversary of

4203
02:56:01,910 --> 02:56:00,000
curiosity's landing on mars for all the

4204
02:56:03,670 --> 02:56:01,920
things we talked about for for more

4205
02:56:05,670 --> 02:56:03,680
curiosity science for the follow-on

4206
02:56:07,750 --> 02:56:05,680
missions like maven that are coming for

4207
02:56:08,950 --> 02:56:07,760
new nasa technologies and development to

4208
02:56:11,830 --> 02:56:08,960
keep up with the international space

4209
02:56:13,830 --> 02:56:11,840
station crew please visit nasa.gov for

4210
02:56:15,830 --> 02:56:13,840
that and more uh you can find all the

4211
02:56:17,990 --> 02:56:15,840
ways to connect with us and engage with

4212
02:56:20,790 --> 02:56:18,000
us on social media still and continue

4213
02:56:23,110 --> 02:56:20,800
this conversation at nasa.gov connect of

4214
02:56:25,910 --> 02:56:23,120
course you can find us at mars and at

4215
02:56:27,910 --> 02:56:25,920
excuse me at nasa at mars curiosity on

4216
02:56:29,590 --> 02:56:27,920
twitter and the uh the hashtag we'll be

4217
02:56:31,510 --> 02:56:29,600
using is one year on mars to continue

4218
02:56:33,990 --> 02:56:31,520
the conversation about this special

4219
02:56:35,670 --> 02:56:34,000
event so that's going to do it from nasa

4220
02:56:52,710 --> 02:56:35,680
headquarters i'm trent parado thank you